ArticleBiomedical optics express2011
Combined third-harmonic generation and four-wave mixing microscopy of tissues and embryos.
Article in Biomedical optics express, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gentle Label-Free Nonlinear Optical Imaging Relaxes Linear-Absorption-Mediated Triplet.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Third harmonic imaging contrast from tubular structures in the presence of index discontinuity.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Spectroscopic second and third harmonic generation microscopy using a femtosecond laser source in the third near-infrared (NIR-III) optical window.Biomedical optics express · 2022Article
- Second and third harmonic generation microscopy visualizes key structural components in fresh unprocessed healthy human breast tissue.Journal of biophotonics · 2019Article
- Third harmonic generation imaging for fast, label-free pathology of human brain tumors.Biomedical optics express · 2016Article
- Invited Review Article: Pump-probe microscopy.The Review of scientific instruments · 2016Review
- Label-free hyperspectral nonlinear optical microscopy of the biofuel micro-algae Haematococcus Pluvialis.Biomedical optics express · 2014Article
- Optical clearing of archive-compatible paraffin embedded tissue for multiphoton microscopy.Biomedical optics express · 2012Article
- Multicolor two-photon tissue imaging by wavelength mixing.Nature methods · 2012Article
- Cross-phase modulation spectral shifting: nonlinear phase contrast in a pump-probe microscope.Biomedical optics express · 2012Article
- Intravital microscopy: a practical guide on imaging intracellular structures in live animals.BioarchitectureReview
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy can be used to probe the intrinsic optical properties of biological tissues. Using femtosecond pulses, third-harmonic generation (THG) and four-wave mixing (FWM) signals can be efficiently produced and detected simultaneously. Both signals probe a similar parameter, i.e. the real part of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ((3)). However THG and FWM images result from different phase matching conditions and provide complementary information. We analyze this complementarity using calculations, z-scan measurements on water and oils, and THG-FWM imaging of cell divisions in live zebrafish embryos. The two signals exhibit different sensitivity to sample size and clustering in the half-wavelength regime. Far from resonance, THG images reveal spatial variations |Δχ((3))(-3ω;ω,ω,ω)| with remarkable sensitivity while FWM directly reflects the distribution of χ((3))(-2ω(1) + ω(2);ω(1), -ω(2), ω(1)). We show that FWM images provide χ((3)) maps useful for proper interpretation of cellular THG signals, and that combined imaging carries additional structural information. Finally we present simultaneous imaging of intrinsic THG, FWM, second-harmonic (SHG) and two-photon-excited fluorescence (2PEF) signals in live Caenorhabditis elegans worms illustrating the information provided by multimodal nonlinear imaging of unstained tissue.
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