ArticleInfection and immunity2012
Perinuclear localization of internalized outer membrane vesicles carrying active cytolethal distending toxin from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 142 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tracking spatio-temporal dynamics of early immune responses to an intranasal OMV-based pneumococcal vaccine candidate in mice.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles as players in biofilm dynamics and community interactions.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Biological properties and potential pathogenic mechanisms of oral bacterial-derived extracellular vesicles in oral and systemic diseases.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Peri-implantitis derived extracellular vesicle as vectors of neuroinflammation.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Review
- Fimbriae potentiateCurrent research in microbial sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- The outer membrane autotransporters Fap2 and CmpA facilitate specific coaggregation betweenApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Interaction vesicles as emerging mediators of host-pathogen molecular crosstalk and their implications for infection dynamics.FEBS letters · 2025Review
- Membrane Stress Enhances Specific PQS-Lipid Interactions That Drive Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicle Biogenesis.Membranes · 2025Article
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles Exploit Filopodial Surfing and Retraction Mechanisms to Reach the Host Cell Body in an Actin-Dependent Manner.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Critical roles of extracellular vesicles in periodontal disease and regeneration.Stem cells translational medicine · 2025Review
- Opportunities and challenges of bacterial extracellular vesicles in regenerative medicine.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Iron-restricted Mycobacterium tuberculosis exports pathogenicity factors packed in extracellular vesicles.PloS one · 2025Article
- Outer membrane vesicles in gram-negative bacteria and its correlation with pathogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Outer Membrane Vesicles Derived from Oral Bacteria Act as a Dagger in Host Immunity: Insight Tips from Local Diseases to Systemic Effects.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Immune Responses Elicited by Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria: Important Players in Vaccine Development.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Microbial- and host immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis and therapy of periodontitis: A narrative review.Journal of periodontal research · 2024Review
- Zebrafish larvae as a model for studying the impact of oral bacterial vesicles on tumor cell growth and metastasis.Human cell · 2024Article
- Engineering Versatile Bacteria-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles: An Adaptable Platform for Advancing Cancer Immunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is implicated in aggressive forms of periodontitis. Similarly to several other Gram-negative species, this organism produces and excretes a cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), a genotoxin associated with cell distention, G2 cell cycle arrest, and/or apoptosis in many mammalian cell types. In this study, we have identified A. actinomycetemcomitans outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as a vehicle for simultaneous delivery of multiple proteins, including CDT, into human cells. The OMV proteins were internalized in both HeLa cells and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) via a mechanism of OMV fusion with lipid rafts in the plasma membrane. The active toxin unit, CdtB, was localized inside the nucleus of the intoxicated cells, whereas OmpA and proteins detected using an antibody specific to whole A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype a cells had a perinuclear distribution. In accordance with a tight association of CdtB with OMVs, vesicles isolated from A. actinomycetemcomitans strain D7SS (serotype a), in contrast to OMVs from a D7SS cdtABC mutant, induced a cytolethal distending effect on HeLa and HGF cells, indicating that OMV-associated CDT was biologically active. Association of CDT with OMVs was also observed in A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates belonging to serotypes b and c, indicating that OMV-mediated release of CDT may be conserved in A. actinomycetemcomitans. Although the role of A. actinomycetemcomitans OMVs in periodontal disease has not yet been elucidated, our present data suggest that OMVs could deliver biologically active CDT and additional virulence factors into susceptible cells of the periodontium.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.