ArticlePloS one2011
The expression of PD-1 ligands and their involvement in regulation of T cell functions in acute and chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clonal amplification of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is associated with clinical response to checkpoint blockade in chronic hepatitis B.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Article
- HBV Suppression by Nucleos(t)ide Analogues Reduces PD-1 Expression on Liver-Resident T Cells.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2025Article
- The interplay between hepatitis B virus and antitumor drugs in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Immune checkpoints on T and NK cells in the context of HBV infection: Landscape, pathophysiology and therapeutic exploitation.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Hepatitis D virus (HDV): investigational therapeutic agents in clinical trials.Expert opinion on investigational drugs · 2022Review
- Review
- Identification of antibodies cross-reactive with woodchuck immune cells and activation of virus-specific and global cytotoxic T cell responses by anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 in experimental chronic hepatitis B and persistent occult hepadnaviral infection.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Significance of T-Cell Subsets for Clinical Response to Peginterferon Alfa-2a Therapy in HBeAg-Positive Chronic Hepatitis B Patients.International journal of general medicine · 2022Article
- Application of the woodchuck animal model for the treatment of hepatitis B virus-induced liver cancer.World journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2021Review
- Recent Advances in Hepatitis B Treatment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Recent Advances in Understanding, Diagnosing, and Treating Hepatitis B Virus Infection.Microorganisms · 2020Review
- Risk of HBV reactivation in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-treated unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2020Article
- Targeting Host Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Achieve the Functional Cure of Chronic Hepatitis B.Vaccines · 2020Review
- Diverse Virus and Host-Dependent Mechanisms Influence the Systemic and Intrahepatic Immune Responses in the Woodchuck Model of Hepatitis B.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Checkpoint Inhibitors and Therapeutic Vaccines for the Treatment of Chronic HBV Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- The Era of Immune Checkpoint Therapy: From Cancer to Viral Infection-A Mini Comment on the 2018 Medicine Nobel Prize.Virologica Sinica · 2018Article
- Immune checkpoint blockade in infectious diseases.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2018Review
- Article
- Prevention of liver tumor formation in woodchucks with established hepatocellular carcinoma by treatment with cationic liposome-DNA complexes.BMC cancer · 2017Article
- The Woodchuck, a Nonprimate Model for Immunopathogenesis and Therapeutic Immunomodulation in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) system may play a role in the negative regulation of T cell functions in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Thus, it is important to study its role in the widely used animal model for HBV infection of woodchucks with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV).
methodsWoodchuck PD-L1 (wPD-L1) and -L2 (wPD-L2) were cloned and characterized. The levels of wPD-L1 expression in primary woodchuck hepatocytes (PWH), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and liver tissue of naive and WHV-infected woodchucks were examined by real time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and flow cytometry. Using antibodies against wPD-L1 and -L2, the effect of blocking PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 interaction on the proliferation and degranulation of woodchuck PBMCs was examined. PRINCIPAL
findingsBoth wPD-L1 and -L2 showed a high homology to their counterparts of other mammalian species and humans. WPD-L1 expression in PWH and PBMCs of naive animals was low but could be stimulated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and interferons (IFN). WPD-L1 expression in liver tissue was significantly higher than that measured in PWHs and was slightly elevated during acute and chronic WHV infection. However, wPD-1 and wPD-L1 expression on PBMCs was strongly up-regulated during acute and chronic infection. In vitro blockade with antibodies against wPD-L1 and -L2 partially enhanced proliferation and degranulation of PBMCs from WHV-infected woodchucks.
conclusionsOur results demonstrated that wPD-1/wPD-L1 expression in hepatocytes and PBMCs can be induced by different inflammatory stimuli and is up-regulated mainly on PBMCs during WHV infection. A blockade of the woodchuck PD-1/PD-L pathway could partially enhance T cell functions in WHV infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.