ArticlePloS one2011
I-space: the effects of emotional valence and source of music on interpersonal distance.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- Visual attention towards virtual humans as a function of spatial distance and emotional expression: an eye-tracking study.Psychological research · 2026Article
- Modulation of auditory peripersonal space by approaching and receding sources moving in discrete trajectories.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2025Article
- Aberrant personal space is associated with paranoia, altered stress regulation, and unfavourable outcomes at 6 months' follow-up in schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Reward system atrophy relates to heightened feelings of physical closeness in Alzheimer's disease.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2025Article
- Refraining from interaction can decrease fear of physical closeness during COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Social Context and Tool Use Can Modulate Interpersonal Comfort Space.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Neural Alterations in Interpersonal Distance (IPD) Cognition and Its Correlation with IPD Behavior: A Systematic Review.Brain sciences · 2021Review
- Defensive functions provoke similar psychophysiological reactions in reaching and comfort spaces.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Bliss in and Out of the Body: The (Extra)Corporeal Space Is Impervious to Social Pleasant Touch.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- The physiological correlates of interpersonal space.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Influence of Wearing Surgical Mask on Interpersonal Space Perception Between Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese People.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- The influence of threat on perceived spatial distance to out-group members.Psychological research · 2020Article
- Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder show larger preferred social distance in live dyadic interactions.Psychiatry research · 2018Article
- Article
- The effect of facial expressions on peripersonal and interpersonal spaces.Psychological research · 2017Article
- Keeping you at arm's length: modifying peripersonal space influences interpersonal distance.Psychological research · 2017Article
- Invisible body illusion modulates interpersonal space.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Emotional metacontrol of attention: Top-down modulation of sensorimotor processes in a robotic visual search task.PloS one · 2017Article
- Drawing sounds: representing tones and chords spatially.Experimental brain research · 2016Article
- Editorial: Perception-Cognition Interface and Cross-Modal Experiences: Insights into Unified Consciousness.Frontiers in psychology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe ubiquitous use of personal music players in over-crowded public transport alludes to the hypothesis that apart from making the journey more pleasant, listening to music through headphones may also affect representations of our personal space, that is, the emotionally-tinged zone around the human body that people feel is "their space". We evaluated the effects of emotional valence (positive versus negative) and source (external, i.e. loudspeakers, versus embedded, i.e. headphones) of music on the participant's interpersonal distance when interacting with others. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsPersonal space was evaluated as the comfort interpersonal distance between participant and experimenter during both active and passive approach tasks. Our results show that, during passive approach tasks, listening to positive versus negative emotion-inducing music reduces the representation of personal space, allowing others to come closer to us. With respect to a no-music condition, an embedded source of positive emotion-inducing music reduced personal space, while an external source of negative emotion-inducing music expanded personal space. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The results provide the first empirical evidence of the relation between induced emotional state, as a result of listening to positive music through headphones, and personal space when interacting with others. This research might help to understand the benefit that people find in using personal music players in crowded situations, such as when using the public transport in urban settings.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.