ArticleIndian journal of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS2011
Immunological failure despite virological suppression in HIV seropositive individuals on antiretroviral therapy.
Article in Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- What leads to treatment failure among people living with HIV: first systematic review from the middle east and North Africa.Virology journal · 2025Pooled it
- Negative influence of age and low baseline CD4 on T helper cell recovery among HIV-infected individuals with fixed-dose combination of tenofovir disoproxil, lamivudine and dolutegravir.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- High risk of virologic failure among HIV-infected children and adolescents routinely followed-up in Littoral region of Cameroon.PloS one · 2023Article
- Review
- Article
- Monocyte/Macrophage-Mediated Innate Immunity in HIV-1 Infection: From Early Response to Late Dysregulation and Links to Cardiovascular Diseases Onset.Virologica Sinica · 2021Review
- Immunological and virological discordance among people living with HIV on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- HIV-1C and HIV-1B Tat protein polymorphism in Southern Brazil.Journal of neurovirology · 2021Observational
- Antiretroviral Treatment Failure and Associated Factors Among HIV-Infected Children on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Retrospective Study.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of treatment failure among HIV/AIDS patients on HAART attending University of Gondar Referral Hospital Northwest Ethiopia.BMC immunology · 2018Article
- Immunological failure in HIV-infected adults from 2003 to 2015 in Southwest Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study.BMJ open · 2018Article
- Magnitude and predictors of antiretroviral treatment failure among HIV-infected children in Fiche and Kuyu hospitals, Oromia region, Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2017Article
- CD4+ cells recovery in HIV positive patients with severe immunosuppression at HAART initiation at Centre Medico-Social Cor-Unum, Kigali.The Pan African medical journal · 2017Article
- Predictors of first-line antiretroviral therapy failure amongst HIV-infected adult clients at Woldia Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia.PloS one · 2017Article
- Discordant Treatment Responses to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Rwanda: A Prospective Cohort Study.PloS one · 2016Article
- Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients of suspected first-line antiretroviral treatment failure within 5 years - Evidence from a tertiary hospital, Kolkata.Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDSArticle
- Immunovirological discordance among people living with human immunodeficiency virus at a center in Western India: A retrospective study.Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDSArticle
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5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundSome individuals experience a discordant response during antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a blunted CD4+ cell count response despite low HIV-1 RNA plasma levels. MATERIALS AND
methodsCD4 counts and viral load of 251 individuals on ART referred to the center were analysed for immunological failure. The viral load tests of 28 patients revealed a discordant response, characterized by low CD4 counts despite viral suppression (<47 copies in 23, <5000 in 4 patients and <10000 in one patient). Univariate and multiple regression analysis was done to determine factors associated with immunological failure in patients with viral suppression.
resultsTwenty-eight patients developed immunological failure over a duration of 3.7±1.14 years despite viral suppression. In univariate analysis of discordant patients, low CD4 counts(<100cells/μl) at start of ART(P=0.0261), less than 50% gain in CD4 count (P=0.048) after one year of start of ART and duration on ART for more than 3 years (P=0.0436) were associated with immunological failure. In multiple regression, duration on ART, age and nadir CD4 count (lowest ever) on treatment were predictors of immunological failure in these patients. Overall females (n=8) demonstrated much higher CD4 counts of 136±72 than males (n=20) 79±38 cells/μl at the time of diagnosis of immunological failure.
conclusionsDiscordance was observed in 13.59% of patients. Detection of failure to first line therapy based on immunologic criteria, without viral load testing, can result in unnecessary switches to 2(nd) line therapy.
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