ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2011
Influence of galectin-9/Tim-3 interaction on herpes simplex virus-1 latency.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Emerging Role of TIM3 Expression on T Cells in Chronic Kidney Inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Article
- Galectin-9 is a restrictor of infection with multiple enteroviruses.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- A Narrative Review on the Multifaceted Roles of Galectins in Host-Pathogen Interactions DuringInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- RNA-Seq analysis reveals the long noncoding RNAs associated with immunity in wild Myotis myotis bats.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Galectin-9: diverse roles in skin disease.Frontiers in allergy · 2025Review
- The role, relevance and management of immune exhaustion in bovine infectious diseases.Heliyon · 2024Review
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Induce Exhaustion-Like CD8International journal of biological sciences · 2024Article
- The role of galectins in immunity and infection.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
- Review
- The Roseoloviruses Downregulate the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase PTPRC (CD45).Journal of virology · 2021Article
- Lgals9 deficiency ameliorates obesity by modulating redox state of PRDX2.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Possible role of plasma Galectin-9 levels as a surrogate marker of viremia in HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings.AIDS research and therapy · 2020Article
- Insights into CD8 T Cell Activation and Exhaustion from a Mouse Gammaherpesvirus Model.Viral immunology · 2020Review
- Differential Expression of Immune Checkpoint Molecules on CD8Journal of virology · 2020Article
- Modulatory effect of Tim-3/Galectin-9 axis on T-cell-mediated immunity in pulmonary tuberculosis.Journal of biosciences · 2020Article
- Utilization of Galectins by Pathogens for Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Restriction of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection by Galectin-9.Journal of virology · 2019Article
- Acute stimulation generates Tim-3-expressing T helper type 1 CD4 T cells that persist in vivo and show enhanced effector function.Immunology · 2018Article
- Herpesviruses: Harmonious Pathogens but Relevant Cofactors in Other Diseases?Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
After HSV-1 infection, CD8(+) T cells accumulate in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and participate in the maintenance of latency. However, the mechanisms underlying intermittent virus reactivation are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate the role of an inhibitory interaction between T cell Ig and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3)-expressing CD8(+) T cells and galectin 9 (Gal-9) that could influence HSV-1 latency and reactivation. Accordingly, we show that most K(b)-gB tetramer-specific CD8(+) T cells in the TG of HSV-1-infected mice express Tim-3, a molecule that delivers negative signals to CD8(+) T cells upon engagement of its ligand Gal-9. Gal-9 was also upregulated in the TG when replicating virus was present as well during latency. This could set the stage for Gal-9/Tim-3 interaction, and this inhibitory interaction was responsible for reduced CD8(+) T cell effector function in wild-type mice. Additionally, TG cell cultures exposed to recombinant Gal-9 in the latent phase caused apoptosis of most CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, Gal-9 knockout TG cultures showed delayed and reduced viral reactivation as compared with wild-type cultures, demonstrating the greater efficiency of CD8(+) T cells to inhibit virus reactivation in the absence of Gal-9. Moreover, the addition of recombinant Gal-9 to ex vivo TG cultures induced enhanced viral reactivation compared with untreated controls. Our results demonstrate that the host homeostatic mechanism mediated by Gal-9/Tim-3 interaction on CD8(+) T cells can influence the outcome of HSV-1 latent infection, and manipulating Gal-9 signals might represent therapeutic means to inhibit HSV-1 reactivation from latency.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.