ArticleImmunity2011
Pathogen-derived effectors trigger protective immunity via activation of the Rac2 enzyme and the IMD or Rip kinase signaling pathway.
Article in Immunity, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Guards and decoys: RIPoptosome and inflammasome pathway regulators of bacterial effector-triggered immunity.PLoS pathogens · 2025Review
- RAC2 gain-of-function variants causing inborn error of immunity drive NLRP3 inflammasome activation.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2024Article
- Nod1-dependent NF-kB activation initiates hematopoietic stem cell specification in response to small Rho GTPases.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Role of Rho GTPases in inflammatory bowel disease.Cell death discovery · 2023Review
- Multifaceted roles and regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing proteins.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 1 (NOD1) Positively Regulates Neuroinflammation during Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Sensing microbial infections in the Drosophila melanogaster genetic model organism.Immunogenetics · 2022Review
- Immunomodulatory properties of CNF1 toxin fromAmerican journal of cancer research · 2022Review
- Analysis of Bacteria-Triggered Inflammasome: Activation in Neutrophils by Immunoblot.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Article
- RhoGTPases and inflammasomes: Guardians of effector-triggered immunity.PLoS pathogens · 2021Review
- Escherichia coli Rho GTPase-activating toxin CNF1 mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation via p21-activated kinases-1/2 during bacteraemia in mice.Nature microbiology · 2021Article
- Interactions Between Ticks and Lyme Disease Spirochetes.Current issues in molecular biology · 2021Article
- Review
- Effector-triggered immunity and pathogen sensing in metazoans.Nature microbiology · 2020Review
- Host-Encoded Sensors of Bacteria: Our Windows into the Microbial World.Microbiology spectrum · 2019Review
- Analysis of Drosophila STING Reveals an Evolutionarily Conserved Antimicrobial Function.Cell reports · 2018Article
- The Bacterial Toxin CNF1 Induces Activation and Maturation of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Article
- The Circulating Protease Persephone Is an Immune Sensor for Microbial Proteolytic Activities Upstream of the Drosophila Toll Pathway.Molecular cell · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Although infections with virulent pathogens often induce a strong inflammatory reaction, what drives the increased immune response to pathogens compared to nonpathogenic microbes is poorly understood. One possibility is that the immune system senses the level of threat from a microorganism and augments the response accordingly. Here, focusing on cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1), an Escherichia coli-derived effector molecule, we showed the host indirectly sensed the pathogen by monitoring for the effector that modified RhoGTPases. CNF1 modified Rac2, which then interacted with the innate immune adaptors IMD and Rip1-Rip2 in flies and mammalian cells, respectively, to drive an immune response. This response was protective and increased the ability of the host to restrict pathogen growth, thus defining a mechanism of effector-triggered immunity that contributes to how metazoans defend against microbes with pathogenic potential.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.