ArticlePloS one2011
Low prevalence of rotavirus and high prevalence of norovirus in hospital and community wastewater after introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Nicaragua.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Wastewater concentrations of rotavirus RNA are associated with infection and vaccination metrics in the USA.Npj viruses · 2025Article
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- Detection of Measles Virus Genotype A in a Non-Endemic Wastewater Setting: Insights from Measles Wastewater and Environmental Monitoring in Canada's Capital Region.Environmental science & technology letters · 2025Article
- Bioinformatics-based screening tool identifies a wide variety of human and zoonotic viruses in Trujillo-Peru wastewater.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2024Article
- Molecular Characterization of Enteric Viruses Causing Acute Gastroenteritis among Children under 5 Years Old in Distrito Central, Honduras.Intervirology · 2024Article
- Norovirus Disease Among Children <5 Years in 3 Sub-Saharan African Countries: Findings From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015-2018.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Contextualizing Wastewater-Based surveillance in the COVID-19 vaccination era.Environment international · 2023Review
- Detection of Rotavirus Vaccine Strains in Oysters and Sewage and Their Relationship with the Gastroenteritis Epidemic.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2021Article
- A Somatic Coliphage Threshold Approach To Improve the Management of Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents in Resource-Limited Regions.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2020Article
- Environmental Surveillance for Noroviruses in Selected South African Wastewaters 2015-2016: Emergence of the Novel GII.17.Food and environmental virology · 2018Article
- The Interactions between Host Glycobiology, Bacterial Microbiota, and Viruses in the Gut.Viruses · 2018Review
- Pediatric norovirus GII.4 infections in Nicaragua, 1999-2015.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Continuous detection and genetic diversity of human rotavirus A in sewage in eastern China, 2013-2014.Virology journal · 2016Article
- Characterization of a Novel Conformational GII.4 Norovirus Epitope: Implications for Norovirus-Host Interactions.Journal of virology · 2016Article
- Detection of Common, Emerging and Uncommon VP4, and VP7 Human Group A Rotavirus Genotypes from Urban Sewage Samples in Uruguay.Food and environmental virology · 2015Article
- Nucleotide Correlations Between Rotavirus C Isolates in Clinical Samples from Outbreaks and in Sewage Samples.Food and environmental virology · 2015Article
- Genetic susceptibility to norovirus GII.3 and GII.4 infections in Chinese pediatric diarrheal disease.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2014Article
- Assessment of gastroenteric viruses from wastewater directly discharged into Uruguay River, Uruguay.Food and environmental virology · 2014Article
- Complete nucleotide sequence of a norovirus GII.4 genotype: evidence for the spread of the newly emerged pandemic Sydney 2012 strain to China.Virus genes · 2014Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are major causes of pediatric diarrhea and are altogether associated with approximately 800,000 deaths in young children every year. In Nicaragua, national RV vaccination program using the pentavalent RV5 vaccine from Merck was implemented in October 2006. To determine whether RV vaccination decreased the overall number of RV infections, we investigated the occurrence of RV and NoV in wastewater in the city of León from July 2007 to July 2008 and compared these data with pre-vaccination data. The major finding was the low prevalence of RV compared to NoV in all sampling points (11% vs 44%, p<0.05), and that RV concentration was lower as compared to NoV. RV was observed mainly during the rainy season (July-September), and the majority of all RV detected (6/9) belonged to subgroup (SG) I. The partial VP7-gene obtained from one RV positive sample was similar (99% nt identity) to a G6 VP7-gene of bovine origin and similar to the corresponding gene of the vaccine strain (98%). Furthermore RV G-types 2 and 4 were found in the incoming wastewater. NoV strains were detected throughout the year, of which a majority (20/21) were of genotype GII.4. We conclude that the introduction of RV vaccination reduced the transmission of RV in the community in Nicaragua. However, the burden of diarrhea in the country remains high, and the high prevalence of NoVs in hospital and municipal wastewater is noteworthy. This study highlights the need for further assessment of NoV following RV vaccine introduction.
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