Trial reportBritish journal of haematology2011
Biological effects and clinical significance of lenalidomide-induced tumour flare reaction in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: in vivo evidence of immune activation and antitumour response.
Trial report in British journal of haematology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Activation of Th1 Immunity within the Tumor Microenvironment Is Associated with Clinical Response to Lenalidomide in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2018Trial
- Safety and activity of lenalidomide and rituximab in untreated indolent lymphoma: an open-label, phase 2 trial.The Lancet. Oncology · 2014Trial
- Long-term follow-up of lenalidomide in relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma: subset analysis of the NHL-003 study.Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology · 2013Trial
- Evaluation of Anticancer Therapy-Related Tumor Flare Reaction: Insights From Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System Dataset.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- CD86, the double agent: Significance of CD86 expression in B-cell malignancies.International journal of cancer · 2025Review
- Assessment of Response to Immunotherapy in Patients with Hodgkin Lymphoma: Towards Quantifying Changes in Tumor Burden Using FDG-PET/CT.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Review
- Targeting the tumor microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Haematologica · 2021Review
- Immunomodulatory Drugs for the Treatment of B Cell Malignancies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Imaging Assessment of Tumor Response in the Era of Immunotherapy.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Transient atelectasis due to hilar lymph node swelling affected by lenalidomide-induced tumor flare reaction.Journal of clinical and experimental hematopathology : JCEH · 2021Article
- Tumor Flare Reaction in a Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma Patient Treated With Brentuximab Vedotin and Tislelizumab: A Case Report.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Pharmacological targeting of natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy.Cancer science · 2020Review
- Targeting CD38 is lethal to Breg-like chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and Tregs, but restores CD8+ T-cell responses.Blood advances · 2020Article
- Tumour flare reaction in cancer treatments: a comprehensive literature review.Anti-cancer drugs · 2019Review
- Critical molecular pathways in CLL therapy.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2018Review
- Ig-Like Transcript 2 (ILT2) Blockade and Lenalidomide Restore NK Cell Function in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Evaluation of thrombosis-related biomarkers before and after therapy in patients with multiple myeloma.Journal of blood medicine · 2018Article
- Leveraging natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy.Immunotherapy · 2017Review
- Extended B cell phenotype in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a cross-sectional study.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Lenalidomide has demonstrated impressive antileukaemic effects in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). The mechanism(s) by which it mediates these effects remain unclear. Clinically, CLL patients treated with lenalidomide demonstrate an acute inflammatory reaction, the tumour flare reaction that is suggestive of an immune activation phenomenon. Samples from CLL patients treated with lenalidomide were used to evaluate its effect on the tumour cell and components of its microenvironment (immune cellular and cytokine). Lenalidomide was unable to directly induce apoptosis in CLL cells in vitro, however it modulated costimulatory (CD80, CD83, CD86) surface molecules on CLL cells in vitro and in vivo. Concurrently, we demonstrated that NK cell proliferation was induced by lenalidomide treatment in patients and correlated with clinical response. Cytokine analysis showed increase in levels of TNF-α post-lenalidomide treatment, consistent with acute inflammatory reaction. Furthermore, the basal cytokine profile (high IL-8, MIG, IP-10 and IL-4 levels and low IL-5, MIP1a, MIP1b, IL12/p70) was predictive of clinical response to lenalidomide. Collectively, our correlative studies provide further evidence that the antileukaemic effect of lenalidomide in CLL is mediated not only through modulation of the leukaemic clone but also through elements of the tumour microenvironment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.