ArticlePlant physiology2011
Glutathione deficiency of the Arabidopsis mutant pad2-1 affects oxidative stress-related events, defense gene expression, and the hypersensitive response.
Article in Plant physiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sulfur metabolism-dependent retrograde signaling for oxidative stress acclimation.Journal of experimental botany · 2026Review
- Autonomous Redox Rhythms and Their Coupling to the Circadian Clock.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- The redox rhythm gates immune-induced cell death distinctly from the genetic clock.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Redox-signaling in innate immune memory: Similar mechanisms in animals/humans and plants.Redox biology · 2025Review
- S-nitrosoglutathione reductase disfavors cadmium tolerance in shoots of Arabidopsis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The calcium connection: exploring the intricacies of calcium signaling in plant-microbe interactions.Frontiers in plant science · 2023Review
- Ethylene augments root hypoxia tolerance via growth cessation and reactive oxygen species amelioration.Plant physiology · 2022Article
- Dissection ofBiology · 2022Article
- Assessing the Effect of Silicon Supply on Root Sulfur Uptake in S-Fed and S-DeprivedPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Intertwined Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species and Salicylic Acid Signaling Are Crucial for the Plant Response to Biotic Stress.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Glutathione Is Required for the Early Alert Response and Subsequent Acclimation in Cadmium-ExposedAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Oxicam-type non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit NPR1-mediated salicylic acid pathway.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Selective redox signaling shapes plant-pathogen interactions.Plant physiology · 2021Review
- Immunity onset alters plant chromatin and utilizes EDA16 to regulate oxidative homeostasis.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Multi-scale comparative transcriptome analysis reveals key genes and metabolic reprogramming processes associated with oil palm fruit abscission.BMC plant biology · 2021Article
- Prior exposure of Arabidopsis seedlings to mechanical stress heightens jasmonic acid-mediated defense against necrotrophic pathogens.BMC plant biology · 2020Article
- In Vivo Imaging with Genetically Encoded Redox Biosensors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- OXR2 Increases Plant Defense against a Hemibiotrophic Pathogen via the Salicylic Acid Pathway.Plant physiology · 2020Article
- Subcellular Roles of Glutathione in Mediating Plant Defense during Biotic Stress.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Host-Pathogen Interactions betweenMicroorganisms · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) phytoalexin-deficient mutant pad2-1 displays enhanced susceptibility to a broad range of pathogens and herbivorous insects that correlates with deficiencies in the production of camalexin, indole glucosinolates, and salicylic acid (SA). The pad2-1 mutation is localized in the GLUTAMATE-CYSTEINE LIGASE (GCL) gene encoding the first enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis. While pad2-1 glutathione deficiency is not caused by a decrease in GCL transcripts, analysis of GCL protein level revealed that pad2-1 plants contained only 48% of the wild-type protein amount. In contrast to the wild type, the oxidized form of GCL was dominant in pad2-1, suggesting a distinct redox environment. This finding was corroborated by the expression of GRX1-roGFP2, showing that the cytosolic glutathione redox potential was significantly less negative in pad2-1. Analysis of oxidative stress-related gene expression showed a higher transcript accumulation in pad2-1 of GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE, GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE, and RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D in response to the oomycete Phytophthora brassicae. Interestingly, oligogalacturonide elicitation in pad2-1 revealed a lower plasma membrane depolarization that was found to act upstream of an impaired hydrogen peroxide production. This impaired hydrogen peroxide production was also observed during pathogen infection and correlated with a reduced hypersensitive response in pad2-1. In addition, a lack of pathogen-triggered expression of the ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 gene, coding for the SA-biosynthetic enzyme isochorismate synthase, was identified as the cause of the SA deficiency in pad2-1. Together, our results indicate that the pad2-1 mutation is related to a decrease in GCL protein and that the resulting glutathione deficiency negatively affects important processes of disease resistance.
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