ArticleGenes & development2011
Active Bax and Bak are functional holins.
Article in Genes & development, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Overcoming prokaryotic toxicity: a SUMO-fused secretory platform in Komagataella phaffii for high-yield production of phage holin Hol41.Microbial cell factories · 2026Article
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- Genome Sequence Comparisons between Small and Large Colony Phenotypes of Equine Clinical Isolates ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- What bacterial cell death teaches us about life.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Bacteriophage-encoded lethal membrane disruptors: Advances in understanding and potential applications.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Decoding the molecular properties of mycobacteriophage D29 Holin provides insights into Holin engineering.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- Article
- Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Protein Expression.ACS synthetic biology · 2020Article
- Article
- BH3-only proteins target BCL-xL/MCL-1, not BAX/BAK, to initiate apoptosis.Cell research · 2019Article
- Paeoniflorin induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis through the upregulation of Bcl-2 X-associated protein and downregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 in human osteosarcoma cells.Molecular medicine reports · 2018Article
- Article
- Staphylococcus aureus CidC Is a Pyruvate:Menaquinone Oxidoreductase.Biochemistry · 2017Article
- Impaired respiration elicits SrrAB-dependent programmed cell lysis and biofilm formation ineLife · 2017Article
- Interrogating the relevance of mitochondrial apoptosis for vertebrate development and postnatal tissue homeostasis.Genes & development · 2016Review
- A self-lysis pathway that enhances the virulence of a pathogenic bacterium.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2015Article
- Holins in bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea: multifunctional xenologues with potential biotechnological and biomedical applications.Journal of bacteriology · 2015Review
- The rheostat in the membrane: BCL-2 family proteins and apoptosis.Cell death and differentiation · 2014Review
- Bacterial programmed cell death: making sense of a paradox.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2014Review
- Use of microfluidic technology to analyze gene expression during Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation reveals distinct physiological niches.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The mechanism of Bax/Bak-dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), a central apoptotic event primarily controlled by the Bcl-2 family proteins, remains not well understood. Here, we express active Bax/Bak in bacteria, the putative origin of mitochondria, and examine their functional similarities to the λ bacteriophage (λ) holin. As critical effectors for bacterial lysis, holin oligomers form membrane lesions, through which endolysin, a muralytic enzyme, escapes the cytoplasm to attack the cell wall at the end of the infection cycle. We found that active Bax/Bak, but not any other Bcl-2 family protein, displays holin behavior, causing bacterial lysis by releasing endolysin in an oligomerization-dependent manner. Strikingly, replacing the holin gene with active alleles of Bax/Bak results in plaque-forming phages. Furthermore, we provide evidence that active Bax produces large membrane holes, the size of which is controlled by structural elements of Bax. Notably, lysis by active Bax is inhibited by Bcl-xL, and the lysis activity of the wild-type Bax is stimulated by a BH3-only protein. Together, these results mechanistically link MOMP to holin-mediated hole formation in the bacterial plasma membrane.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.