ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2011
Analysis of Clostridium botulinum serotype E strains by using multilocus sequence typing, amplified fragment length polymorphism, variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, and botulinum neurotoxin gene sequencing.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guideline
- Whole genome sequencing of neurotoxin-producingFrontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for the rapid detection of Clostridium botulinum serotypes E and F.Molecular biology reports · 2024Article
- Novel Putative Transposable Element Associated with the Subtype E5 Botulinum Toxin Gene Cluster of NeurotoxigenicInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Identification of foodborne pathogenic bacteria using confocal Raman microspectroscopy and chemometrics.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Pan-Genomic Analysis ofToxins · 2020Article
- Article
- Variations in the Botulinum Neurotoxin Binding Domain and the Potential for Novel Therapeutics.Toxins · 2018Review
- A Three Monoclonal Antibody Combination Potently Neutralizes Multiple Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype E Subtypes.Toxins · 2018Article
- Differentiating Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Clostridia with a Simple, Multiplex PCR Assay.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2017Article
- Impact ofCurrent opinion in food science · 2016Review
- Diversity of Group I and II Clostridium botulinum Strains from France Including Recently Identified Subtypes.Genome biology and evolution · 2016Article
- Comparative genomic analyses reveal broad diversity in botulinum-toxin-producing Clostridia.BMC genomics · 2016Article
- Evolution of Chromosomal Clostridium botulinum Type E Neurotoxin Gene Clusters: Evidence Provided by Their Rare Plasmid-Borne Counterparts.Genome biology and evolution · 2016Article
- Clostridium botulinum Group II Isolate Phylogenomic Profiling Using Whole-Genome Sequence Data.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2015Article
- Historical and current perspectives on Clostridium botulinum diversity.Research in microbiology · 2015Review
- Molecular gene profiling of Clostridium botulinum group III and its detection in naturally contaminated samples originating from various European countries.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2015Article
- An atypical outbreak of food-borne botulism due to Clostridium botulinum types B and E from ham.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2015Article
- Isolation and functional characterization of the novel Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin A8 subtype.PloS one · 2015Article
- Positive regulation of botulinum neurotoxin gene expression by CodY in Clostridium botulinum ATCC 3502.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
A total of 41 Clostridium botulinum serotype E strains from different geographic regions, including Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Greenland, Japan, and the United States, were compared by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis, and botulinum neurotoxin (bont) E gene sequencing. The strains, representing environmental, food-borne, and infant botulism samples collected from 1932 to 2007, were analyzed to compare serotype E strains from different geographic regions and types of botulism and to determine whether each of the strains contained the transposon-associated recombinase rarA, involved with bont/E insertion. MLST examination using 15 genes clustered the strains into several clades, with most members within a cluster sharing the same BoNT/E subtype (BoNT/E1, E2, E3, or E6). Sequencing of the bont/E gene identified two new variants (E7, E8) that showed regions of recombination with other E subtypes. The AFLP dendrogram clustered the 41 strains similarly to the MLST dendrogram. Strains that could not be differentiated by AFLP, MLST, or bont gene sequencing were further examined using three VNTR regions. Both intact and split rarA genes were amplified by PCR in each of the strains, and their identities were confirmed in 11 strains by amplicon sequencing. The findings suggest that (i) the C. botulinum serotype E strains result from the targeted insertion of the bont/E gene into genetically conserved bacteria and (ii) recombination events (not random mutations) within bont/E result in toxin variants or subtypes within strains.
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