ArticleEmerging infectious diseases2011
Bacterial causes of empyema in children, Australia, 2007-2009.
Article in Emerging infectious diseases, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of Molecular Methods With Culture for Identifying Microbial Etiology in Pediatric Empyema Thoracis: A Systematic Review of Diagnostic Test Accuracy.Indian pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Evidence-Based Guideline on Prioritized Issues for the Management of Empyema Thoracis in Children.Indian pediatrics · 2026Guideline
- Microbial Etiology of Empyema Thoracis in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Indian pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Intrapleural Fibrinolytic Therapy in the Management of Pediatric Pleural Empyema: A Narrative Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Burden of invasive group a streptococcus infection in Australia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Review
- BinaxNOWClinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- Detection of the major bacterial pathogens among children suffering from empyema in Ahvaz city, Iran.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2019Article
- Pediatric Complicated Pneumonia Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 3 in 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccinees, Portugal, 2010-2015.Emerging infectious diseases · 2018Article
- Trends in Pediatric Complicated Pneumonia in an Ontario Local Health Integration Network.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Article
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- Article
- Etiology of parapneumonic effusion and pleural empyema in children. The role of conventional and molecular microbiological tests.Respiratory medicine · 2016Observational
- Pneumococcal Capsules and Their Types: Past, Present, and Future.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2015Review
- Pneumococcal empyema and complicated pneumonias: global trends in incidence, prevalence, and serotype epidemiology.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2014Review
- Real-time polymerase chain reaction for microbiological diagnosis of parapneumonic effusions in Canadian children.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2014Article
- Aetiology of paediatric pneumonia with effusion in the Dominican Republic and the potential impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2014Article
- An unusual cause of empyema in a teenage boy.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2013Article
- Epidemiologic and clinical implications of second-generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.Current infectious disease reports · 2013Article
- Increased paediatric hospitalizations for empyema in Australia after introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2013Article
- Intrapleural adenoviral delivery of human plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 exacerbates tetracycline-induced pleural injury in rabbits.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 14 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
An increase in the incidence of empyema worldwide could be related to invasive pneumococcal disease caused by emergent nonvaccine replacement serotypes. To determine bacterial pathogens and pneumococcal serotypes that cause empyema in children in Australia, we conducted a 2-year study of 174 children with empyema. Blood and pleural fluid samples were cultured, and pleural fluid was tested by PCR. Thirty-two (21.0%) of 152 blood and 53 (33.1%) of 160 pleural fluid cultures were positive for bacteria; Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common organism identified. PCR identified S. pneumoniae in 74 (51.7%) and other bacteria in 19 (13.1%) of 145 pleural fluid specimens. Of 53 samples in which S. pneumoniae serotypes were identified, 2 (3.8%) had vaccine-related and 51 (96.2%) had nonvaccine serotypes; 19A (n = 20; 36.4%), 3 (n = 18; 32.7%), and 1 (n = 8; 14.5%) were the most common. High proportions of nonvaccine serotypes suggest the need to broaden vaccine coverage.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.