SynthesisBMC health services research2011
Pay-for-performance in disease management: a systematic review of the literature.
Synthesis in BMC health services research, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- The evidence gap on gendered impacts of performance-based financing among family physicians for chronic disease care: a systematic review reanalysis in contexts of single-payer universal coverage.Human resources for health · 2020Pooled it
- Effects of pay-for-performance for primary care physicians on diabetes outcomes in single-payer health systems: a systematic review.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2019Pooled it
- Healthcare financing systems for increasing the use of tobacco dependence treatment.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Effect of Financial Bonus Size, Loss Aversion, and Increased Social Pressure on Physician Pay-for-Performance: A Randomized Clinical Trial and Cohort Study.JAMA network open · 2019Trial
- Effects of integrated chronic care models on hypertension outcomes and spending: a multi-town clustered randomized trial in China.BMC public health · 2017Trial
- Use of the Pay-for-Performance Program in Reducing Sarcopenia Risk: A Nested Case-Control Study Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- SPINE20 recommendations 2025: Sustainable spine care for all.Brain & spine · 2026Article
- Evidence-based translation in postpartum pelvic floor rehabilitation nursing: recent advances and practical integration.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Article
- Does pay for performance promote inverse inequality in chronic disease management?Family practice · 2025Article
- Performance-based payment systems for general practitioners and specialists in selected countries: a comparative study.Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Estimating the budget impact of a Tuberculosis strategic purchasing pilot study in Medan, Indonesia (2018-2019).Health economics review · 2024Article
- Impact of reimbursement systems on patient care - a systematic review of systematic reviews.Health economics review · 2024Review
- Inclusion of disability in primary healthcare facilities and socioeconomic inequity in Brazil.Revista de saude publica · 2024Article
- Medicaid Value-Based Payments and Health Care Use for Patients With Mental Illness.JAMA health forum · 2023Article
- Development of a patient-centred electronic review template to support self-management in primary care: a mixed-methods study.BJGP open · 2023Article
- Incentivizing optimal risk map use for Triatoma infestans surveillance in urban environments.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Is value-based payment for healthcare feasible under Ghana's National Health Insurance Scheme?Health research policy and systems · 2021Article
- Global Perspectives on Improving Chronic Disease Prevention and Management in Diverse Settings.Preventing chronic disease · 2021Article
- Importance of reasons for stocking adult vaccines.The American journal of managed care · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPay-for-performance (P4P) is increasingly implemented in the healthcare system to encourage improvements in healthcare quality. P4P is a payment model that rewards healthcare providers for meeting pre-established targets for delivery of healthcare services by financial incentives. Based on their performance, healthcare providers receive either additional or reduced payment. Currently, little is known about P4P schemes intending to improve delivery of chronic care through disease management. The objectives of this paper are therefore to provide an overview of P4P schemes used to stimulate delivery of chronic care through disease management and to provide insight into their effects on healthcare quality and costs.
methodsA systematic PubMed search was performed for English language papers published between 2000 and 2010 describing P4P schemes related to the implementation of disease management. Wagner's chronic care model was used to make disease management operational.
resultsEight P4P schemes were identified, introduced in the USA (n = 6), Germany (n = 1), and Australia (n = 1). Five P4P schemes were part of a larger scheme of interventions to improve quality of care, whereas three P4P schemes were solely implemented. Most financial incentives were rewards, selective, and granted on the basis of absolute performance. More variation was found in incented entities and the basis for providing incentives. Information about motivation, certainty, size, frequency, and duration of the financial incentives was generally limited. Five studies were identified that evaluated the effects of P4P on healthcare quality. Most studies showed positive effects of P4P on healthcare quality. No studies were found that evaluated the effects of P4P on healthcare costs.
conclusionThe number of P4P schemes to encourage disease management is limited. Hardly any information is available about the effects of such schemes on healthcare quality and costs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.