ArticleJournal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN2011
APOL1 genetic variants in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and HIV-associated nephropathy.
Article in Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04646408 (Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease, Kidney Disease and Diabetes in People of African Ancestry With HIV), which is not on this map. Cited by 531 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease, Kidney Disease and Diabetes in People of African Ancestry With HIV (CKD Study)
Who cites it
531 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 844 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of HIV-associated nephropathy in children: a systematic review with meta-analysis of studies published between 2004 and 2019.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Pooled it
- Apolipoprotein L1 risk genotypes and odds of lupus nephritis-associated kidney failure in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Genetic Modifiers Associated with the Development and/or Progression of Nephropathy in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new candidate genes for sickle cell disease nephropathy.Blood advances · 2023Pooled it
- Apolipoprotein L1 gene variants and kidney disease in patients with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of nephrology · 2023Pooled it
- The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in South Africa - limitations of studies comparing prevalence with sub-Saharan Africa, Africa, and globally.BMC nephrology · 2023Pooled it
- Genetics in chronic kidney disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference.Kidney international · 2022Guideline
- Interventions for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Histopathological findings and clinicopathologic correlation in COVID-19: a systematic review.Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc · 2021Pooled it
- APOL1 variant alleles associate with reduced risk for opportunistic infections in HIV infection.Communications biology · 2021Pooled it
- Genetic Testing for APOL1 in Adults With Hypertension: The GUARDD-US Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Long-term impact of immediate versus deferred antiretroviral therapy on kidney health in people with HIV.Kidney international · 2024Trial
- Genetic kidney diseases: Decoding molecular taxonomies to drive precision nephrology and therapeutic innovation.Genes & diseases · 2027Review
- APOL1 and chronic kidney disease in pediatrics: a study from the Biorepository and Integrative Genomics Initiative.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Update on APOL1 and chronic kidney diseases in children.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Treatment outcomes and ongoing pediatric trials in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Coding, modifier, and regulatory effects shape circulating APOL1 levels.Human molecular genetics · 2026Article
- APOL1 kidney disease: a critical narrative review of molecular mechanisms, clinical heterogeneity, and the emerging therapeutic landscape.International urology and nephrology · 2026Review
- An integrative review of APOL1 kidney disease with a focus on the Brazilian population.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Review
471 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 11 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Trypanolytic variants in APOL1, which encodes apolipoprotein L1, associate with kidney disease in African Americans, but whether APOL1-associated glomerular disease has a distinct clinical phenotype is unknown. Here we determined APOL1 genotypes for 271 African American cases, 168 European American cases, and 939 control subjects. In a recessive model, APOL1 variants conferred seventeenfold higher odds (95% CI 11 to 26) for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and twenty-nine-fold higher odds (95% CI 13 to 68) for HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). FSGS associated with two APOL1 risk alleles associated with earlier age of onset (P = 0.01) and faster progression to ESRD (P < 0.01) but similar sensitivity to steroids compared with other subjects. Individuals with two APOL1 risk alleles have an estimated 4% lifetime risk for developing FSGS, and untreated HIV-infected individuals have a 50% risk for developing HIVAN. The effect of carrying two APOL1 risk alleles explains 18% of FSGS and 35% of HIVAN; alternatively, eliminating this effect would reduce FSGS and HIVAN by 67%. A survey of world populations indicated that the APOL1 kidney risk alleles are present only on African chromosomes. In summary, African Americans carrying two APOL1 risk alleles have a greatly increased risk for glomerular disease, and APOL1-associated FSGS occurs earlier and progresses to ESRD more rapidly. These data add to the evidence base required to determine whether genetic testing for APOL1 has a use in clinical practice.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.