ReviewThe Journal of infectious diseases2011
Incipient and subclinical tuberculosis: defining early disease states in the context of host immune response.
Review in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 124 citations in OpenAlex.
- Symptom- and chest-radiography screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-negative adults and adults with unknown HIV status.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of Pregnancy and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Interferon Gamma Response Assays in Women With HIV.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- Subclinical tuberculosis among adults with HIV: clinical features and outcomes in a South African cohort.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Unexpected detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in US-born patients in putative association with clinical syndromes.Nature communications · 2026Observational
- Sputum-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in Shanghai, China: notification, clinical characteristics and outcomes.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Prediction, lag and mixture effects of meteorology and pollutants on the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Jining City, China.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Tuberculosis preventive therapy in postpartum women with HIV modifiesFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Host-protein biomarkers distinguish asymptomatic TB in an active case finding study.IJTLD open · 2025Article
- Integrating Early Tuberculosis States Into Contact Management in Peru.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Distinguishing multiple roles of T cell and macrophage involvement in determining lymph node fates during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Cytolytic γδ T-cells and IFNγ-producing CD4-lymphocytes characterise the early response to MTBVAC tuberculosis vaccine.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Tuberculosis in found dead badgers at the edge of the expanding bovine tuberculosis epidemic.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Accuracy of anti-mycobacterial protein 51 antibodies as a biomarker for latent TB infection in asymptomatic HIV positive individuals: a cross-sectional diagnostic study.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- Advanced Therapeutic Interventions TargetingArchives of Razi Institute · 2025Review
- The impact of IGRA positivity in untreated inactive pulmonary tuberculosis on IVF-ET outcomes in infertile women: an ambispective cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Latent tuberculosis infection in China, 1990-2050: GBD-informed projections for age-targeted screening.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Isolation of a nanobody specific to the PstS-1 protein and evaluation of its immunoreactivity with structural components ofFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Eradicating latent tuberculosis: use of interferon gamma release assay and isoniazid/rifapentine in people living with HIV/AIDS.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2025Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active tuberculosis (TB) are 2 ends of a spectrum of states ranging from asymptomatic infection to overt disease. While progressing from LTBI to TB, patients often undergo asymptomatic states with detectable manifestations indicative of disease. Such asymptomatic disease states frequently remain undiagnosed, and their manifestations and duration are mostly dependent on host immune response. Various terms referring to such states are used in the literature, often interchangeably and without explicit definitions. Defining these intermediate states in concrete terms is important for pragmatic reasons, as they might impact upon the diagnostic performance of TB biomarkers and could also present targets for therapeutic interventions. We here propose definitions for 2 commonly used terms, "incipient" and "subclinical" TB, to describe asymptomatic disease states occurring at opposite ends of the host response spectrum. We propose using the term "incipient TB" when referring to early, contained disease in asymptomatic, relatively immunocompetent persons. In contrast, we propose using the term "subclinical TB" to refer to disease in asymptomatic, immunocompromised individuals in whom it is largely associated with loss of effective containment. The rationale for this article is to facilitate the discussion of such early disease states, especially in relation to their impact on TB biomarker discovery and assessment of new diagnostics, and with regard to treatment decisions and ultimately outcome.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.