ArticleVaccine2011
Interleukin-21 administration to rhesus macaques chronically infected with simian immunodeficiency virus increases cytotoxic effector molecules in T cells and NK cells and enhances B cell function without increasing immune activation or viral replication.
Article in Vaccine, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- IL-21-IgFc immunotherapy alters transcriptional landscape of lymph node cells leading to enhanced flu vaccine response in aging and SIV infection.Aging cell · 2023Article
- Recent advances in CD8Heliyon · 2023Review
- So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research.Viruses · 2022Review
- IL-21 enhances influenza vaccine responses in aged macaques with suppressed SIV infection.JCI insight · 2021Article
- Interleukin-21 in Viral Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Safety and Immunological Evaluation of Interleukin-21 Plus Anti-α4β7 mAb Combination Therapy in Rhesus Macaques.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Cytokine-Modulated Natural Killer Cells Differentially Regulate the Activity of the Hepatitis C Virus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Article
- The role of follicular helper CD4 T cells in the development of HIV-1 specific broadly neutralizing antibody responses.Retrovirology · 2018Review
- T Cell Subsets in the Germinal Center: Lessons from the Macaque Model.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- IL-21 Therapy Controls Immune Activation and Maintains Antiviral CD8AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2017Article
- Reevaluation of immune activation in the era of cART and an aging HIV-infected population.JCI insight · 2017Article
- Review
- From dendritic cells to B cells dysfunctions during HIV-1 infection: T follicular helper cells at the crossroads.Immunology · 2017Review
- Collapse of Cytolytic Potential in SIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells Following Acute SIV Infection in Rhesus Macaques.PLoS pathogens · 2016Article
- IL-21 and T Cell Differentiation: Consider the Context.Trends in immunology · 2016Review
- IL-21 and probiotic therapy improve Th17 frequencies, microbial translocation, and microbiome in ARV-treated, SIV-infected macaques.Mucosal immunology · 2016Article
- IL-21 Signaling in Immunity.F1000Research · 2016Review
- Innate and Adaptive Immune Regulation During Chronic Viral Infections.Annual review of virology · 2015Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
We have previously shown that interleukin-21, a pleiotropic C γ-chain signaling cytokine, induces the expression of the cytotoxic molecules granzyme B (GrB) and perforin in vitro in CD8 T cells and NK cells of chronically HIV infected individuals. In this pilot study, four chronically SIV infected rhesus macaques (RM) in late-stage disease were given two doses of recombinant MamuIL-21, 50 μg/kg, intravenously 7 days apart, followed by one subcutaneous dose, 100 μg/kg, 23 days after the second dose. Three animals served as controls. After each dose of IL-21, increases were noted in frequency and mean fluorescence intensity of GrB and perforin expression in memory and effector subsets of CD8 T cells in peripheral blood (PB), in peripheral and mesenteric lymph node (LN) cells, in PB memory and effector CD4 T cells and in NK cells. Frequencies of SIV-gag specific CD107a(+)IFN-γ(+) CD8 T cells increased 3.8-fold in PB and 1.8-fold in LN. In addition, PB CD27(+) memory B cells were 2-fold higher and serum SIV antibodies increased significantly after IL-21 administration. No changes were observed in markers of T cell activation, T cell proliferation or plasma virus load. Thus, administration of IL-21 to chronically SIV infected viremic animals was safe, well tolerated and could augment the cytotoxic potential of T cells and NK cells, promote B cell differentiation with increases in SIV antibody titers without discernable increase in cellular activation. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the effects and potential benefit of IL-21 administration in the context of SIV/HIV infection and in SIV/HIV vaccine design.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.