Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21994806›Full record

ArticleViruses2011

Recombination in avian gamma-coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.

Sharmi W Thor, Deborah A Hilt, Jessica C Kissinger, Andrew H Paterson, Mark W Jackwood

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Viruses, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
79citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

79 citing papers in PubMed.

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  12. Patterns of Recombination in Coronaviruses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
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  13. Article
  14. Article
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  20. Review

19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Sharmi W ThorDepartment of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. sthor@uga.edu
Deborah A Hilt
Jessica C Kissinger
Andrew H Paterson
Mark W Jackwood

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Recombination in the family Coronaviridae has been well documented and is thought to be a contributing factor in the emergence and evolution of different coronaviral genotypes as well as different species of coronavirus. However, there are limited data available on the frequency and extent of recombination in coronaviruses in nature and particularly for the avian gamma-coronaviruses where only recently the emergence of a turkey coronavirus has been attributed solely to recombination. In this study, the full-length genomes of eight avian gamma-coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolates were sequenced and along with other full-length IBV genomes available from GenBank were analyzed for recombination. Evidence of recombination was found in every sequence analyzed and was distributed throughout the entire genome. Areas that have the highest occurrence of recombination are located in regions of the genome that code for nonstructural proteins 2, 3 and 16, and the structural spike glycoprotein. The extent of the recombination observed, suggests that this may be one of the principal mechanisms for generating genetic and antigenic diversity within IBV. These data indicate that reticulate evolutionary change due to recombination in IBV, likely plays a major role in the origin and adaptation of the virus leading to new genetic types and strains of the virus.

Indexed as

Recombination, GeneticAnimalsAntigens, ViralBase SequenceChick EmbryoChickensCoronavirus InfectionsEvolution, MolecularGenes, ViralGenetic VariationGenome, ViralInfectious bronchitis virusMolecular Sequence DataPhylogenyPoultry DiseasesRNA, ViralAntigens, ViralRNA, ViralViral Proteinsavian coronavirusgamma coronavirusgenomeinfectious bronchitis virusrecombination

Identifiers

PMID21994806
PMCPMC3187689

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.