ReviewViruses2011
West Nile virus: immunity and pathogenesis.
Review in Viruses, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- West Nile virus infection in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management.Journal of feline medicine and surgery · 2015Guideline
- West Nile Virus in People with HIV: Immune Vulnerability, Neuroinvasive Disease, and Diagnostic Challenges.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Review
- Laboratory Assessment of Wastewater as Surveillance Tool for West Nile Virus, United States.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Immunological Interactions Between Gammadelta T Cells and West Nile Virus in the Infected Host.Reviews in medical virology · 2026Review
- Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Host Innate Immunity: Insights Into TLR Signaling, PRR Crosstalk, and Viral Immune Evasion.Cell biochemistry and function · 2026Review
- Transcriptomic insights into the neuropathogenic and immune response alterations in mouse neurons challenged with west nile and japanese encephalitis viruses.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Flavivirus infections and diagnostic challenges for dengue, West Nile and Zika Viruses.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- Human type I interferons protect Vero E6 and ARPE-19 cells against West Nile virus and are neutralized by pathogenic autoantibodies.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Innate immune sensing and vaccine strategies against West Nile virus: role of Toll-like receptors and viral evasion mechanisms.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Mosquito- and tick-borne orthoflaviviruses cross anFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infections in the Trakya Region of Türkiye.Balkan medical journal · 2024Article
- Sialic acid and PirB are not required for targeting of neural circuits by neurotropic mammalian orthoreovirus.mSphere · 2024Article
- CNS Viral Infections-What to Consider for Improving Drug Treatment: A Plea for Using Mathematical Modeling Approaches.CNS drugs · 2024Review
- Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection in Immunosuppressed and Immunocompetent Adults.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Undetection of vector-borne viruses in equids of Galapagos Islands.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- A virus becomes a global concern: research activities on West-Nile virus.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Article
- Pathological features of West Nile and Usutu virus natural infections in wild and domestic animals and in humans: A comparative review.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Article
- Elsberg Syndrome with Mixed Presentation as Meningitis Retention Syndrome: A Pediatric Case Report and Comprehensive Review of the Literature.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- West Nile Virus inViruses · 2023Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic, arthropod-borne flavivirus that is maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and birds, but can also infect and cause disease in horses and humans. WNV is endemic in parts of Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, and since 1999 has spread to North America, Mexico, South America, and the Caribbean. WNV infects the central nervous system (CNS) and can cause severe disease in a small minority of infected humans, mostly immunocompromised or the elderly. This review discusses some of the mechanisms by which the immune system can limit dissemination of WNV infection and elaborates on the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis. Reasons for susceptibility to WNV-associated neuroinvasive disease in less than 1% of cases remain unexplained, but one favored hypothesis is that the involvement of the CNS is associated with a weak immune response allowing robust WNV replication in the periphery and spread of the virus to the CNS.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.