Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21993836›Full record

ArticleIntegrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro2011

Collective epithelial cell invasion overcomes mechanical barriers of collagenous extracellular matrix by a narrow tube-like geometry and MMP14-dependent local softening.

Jordi Alcaraz, Hidetoshi Mori, Cyrus M Ghajar, Doug Brownfield, Roland Galgoczy, Mina J Bissell

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Integrative biology : quantitative biosciences from nano to macro, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
33citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

33 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Extracellular Matrix Viscoelasticity Regulates Mammary Branching Morphogenesis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  4. Review
  5. Matrix degradation enhances stress relaxation, regulating cell adhesion and spreading.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  6. Degradability tunes ECM stress relaxation and cellular mechanics.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Mechanical homeostasis in tissue equivalents: a review.Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology · 2021
    Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Building branched tissue structures: from single cell guidance to coordinated construction.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2017
    Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Jordi AlcarazLife Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 977R225A, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Hidetoshi Mori
Cyrus M Ghajar
Doug Brownfield
Roland Galgoczy
Mina J Bissell

Funding

Systems-Based Predictions of Responses to Cancer TherapyU54CA112970 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIF-LAWRENC BERKELEY LAB · PI SPELLMAN, PAUL T. · 2004 to 2014
$27.1M
TRANS-NETWORK PROJECTSU54CA143836 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI LIPHARDT, JAN T. · 2009 to 2014
$15.1M
Role of Metalloproteinases in Mammary Gland RemodelingR01CA057621 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI WERB, ZENA · 1993 to 2017
$9.0M
Myoepithelial cell differentiation defects in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)U01CA143233 · NCI · DANA-FARBER CANCER INST · PI BISSELL, MINA, POLLARD, JEFFREY W. · 2009 to 2013
$2.5M
Bioengineering 3-D Models for Organ-Specific Cancer Therapy in Lung and BreastU54CA126552 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIF-LAWRENC BERKELEY LAB · PI BISSELL, MINA · 2006 to 2010
$2.2M
Definition of Microenvironment in Breast CancerR37CA064786 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIF-LAWRENC BERKELEY LAB · PI BISSELL, MINA · 2009 to 2013
$2.0M
NCI NIH HHS R01 CA057621NCI NIH HHS R01CA057621NCI NIH HHS R37 CA064786NCI NIH HHS R37CA064786NCI NIH HHS U01 CA143233NCI NIH HHS U01CA143233NCI NIH HHS U54 CA112970NCI NIH HHS U54CA112970NCI NIH HHS U54 CA126552NCI NIH HHS U54CA126552NCI NIH HHS U54 CA143836NCI NIH HHS U54CA143836
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Collective cell invasion (CCI) through interstitial collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) is crucial to the initial stages of branching morphogenesis, and a hallmark of tissue repair and dissemination of certain tumors. The collagenous ECM acts as a mechanical barrier against CCI. However, the physical nature of this barrier and how it is overcome by cells remains incompletely understood. To address these questions, we performed theoretical and experimental analysis of mammary epithelial branching morphogenesis in 3D type I collagen (collagen-I) gels. We found that the mechanical resistance of collagen-I is largely due to its elastic rather than its viscous properties. We also identified two strategies utilized by mammary epithelial cells that can independently minimize ECM mechanical resistance during CCI. First, cells adopt a narrow tube-like geometry during invasion, which minimizes the elastic opposition from the ECM as revealed by theoretical modeling of the most frequent invasive shapes and sizes. Second, the stiffness of the collagenous ECM is reduced at invasive fronts due to its degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), as indicated by direct measurements of collagen-I microelasticity by atomic force microscopy. Molecular techniques further specified that the membrane-bound MMP14 mediates degradation of collagen-I at invasive fronts. Thus, our findings reveal that MMP14 is necessary to efficiently reduce the physical restraints imposed by collagen-I during branching morphogenesis, and help our overall understanding of how forces are balanced between cells and their surrounding ECM to maintain collective geometry and mechanical stability during CCI.

Indexed as

Models, BiologicalCells, CulturedCell SizeCollagenComputer SimulationElastic ModulusEpithelial CellsExtracellular MatrixHardnessHumansMatrix Metalloproteinase 14Mechanotransduction, CellularMorphogenesisNeoplasm InvasivenessCollagenMatrix Metalloproteinase 14MMP14 protein, human

Identifiers

PMID21993836
PMCPMC3719864

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.