ReviewJournal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR2011
The mechanisms by which polyamines accelerate tumor spread.
Review in Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 142 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
142 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 279 citations in OpenAlex.
- Salivary metabolites to detect patients with cancer: a systematic review.International journal of clinical oncology · 2020Pooled it
- Metabolism links bacterial biofilms and colon carcinogenesis.Cell metabolism · 2015Trial
- Gut microbiota modulation of gastrointestinal cancers: from dysbiosis signatures to therapeutic interventions.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Review
- Spermine suppressesmBio · 2026Article
- Open-channel block of human TRPV6 by polyamine spermine.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Deguelin inhibits growth and prolactin synthesis in prolactinomas by targeting the PI3K/AKT/CREB3L1 pathway and ornithine decarboxylase.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Polyamines in Cancer: Mechanisms, Metabolic Targets, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- TRPML1 inhibitor ML-SI1 suppresses prostate cancer through dual regulation of androgen receptor and polyamine metabolism.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- The Multi-dimensional Mechanisms and Transformation Prospects of the Intratumoral Microbiota-Arginine Metabolism Axis in Tumor Progression and Immune Regulation.International journal of medical sciences · 2026Review
- Polyamine metabolism in cancer: drivers of immune evasion, ferroptosis and therapy resistance.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Characterization of the tumor microbiome of brain metastases and glioblastoma reveals tumor-type-specific and location-specific microbial signatures.Nature cancer · 2025Article
- Polyamine Depletion by D,L-α-Difluoromethylornithine Inhibits Ewing Sarcoma Metastasis by Inducing Ferroptosis.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025Article
- Article
- CD8 + T Cells in Gastrointestinal Cancer: a Perspective on Targeting MicroRNA.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Review
- Metabolomic Prediction of Naphthalene Pneumo-Toxicity in the SnailMetabolites · 2025Article
- Eflornithine for the Chemoprevention of Luminal Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: A Systematic Review.Gastroenterology research · 2025Review
- The MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Secretomes Modify Metabolomes ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Identification and verification of a polyamine metabolism-related gene signature for predicting prognosis and immune infiltration in osteosarcoma.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Article
- Intratumor fungi specific mechanisms to influence cell death pathways and trigger tumor cell apoptosis.Cell death discovery · 2025Review
- Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals Novel Mechanisms Involved in Perineural Invasion in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas.Cancers · 2025Article
82 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Increased polyamine concentrations in the blood and urine of cancer patients reflect the enhanced levels of polyamine synthesis in cancer tissues arising from increased activity of enzymes responsible for polyamine synthesis. In addition to their de novo polyamine synthesis, cells can take up polyamines from extracellular sources, such as cancer tissues, food, and intestinal microbiota. Because polyamines are indispensable for cell growth, increased polyamine availability enhances cell growth. However, the malignant potential of cancer is determined by its capability to invade to surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant organs. The mechanisms by which increased polyamine levels enhance the malignant potential of cancer cells and decrease anti-tumor immunity are reviewed. Cancer cells with a greater capability to synthesize polyamines are associated with increased production of proteinases, such as serine proteinase, matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins, and plasminogen activator, which can degrade surrounding tissues. Although cancer tissues produce vascular growth factors, their deregulated growth induces hypoxia, which in turn enhances polyamine uptake by cancer cells to further augment cell migration and suppress CD44 expression. Increased polyamine uptake by immune cells also results in reduced cytokine production needed for anti-tumor activities and decreases expression of adhesion molecules involved in anti-tumor immunity, such as CD11a and CD56. Immune cells in an environment with increased polyamine levels lose anti-tumor immune functions, such as lymphokine activated killer activities. Recent investigations revealed that increased polyamine availability enhances the capability of cancer cells to invade and metastasize to new tissues while diminishing immune cells' anti-tumor immune functions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.