ReviewJournal of neurotrauma2012
Hemorrhagic progression of a contusion after traumatic brain injury: a review.
Review in Journal of neurotrauma, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 136 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
136 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 333 citations in OpenAlex.
- Imaging predictors of hemorrhagic progression of a contusion after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Complications Associated with Decompressive Craniectomy: A Systematic Review.Neurocritical care · 2015Pooled it
- Coagulation Parameters and Risk of Progressive Hemorrhagic Injury after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.BioMed research international · 2015Pooled it
- Establishment and validation of prognosis model for patients with cerebral contusion.BMC neurology · 2021Trial
- Progressive hemorrhagic injury after severe traumatic brain injury: effect of hemoglobin transfusion thresholds.Journal of neurosurgery · 2016Trial
- Does the Integration of Inflammatory Markers with Clinical Scoring Systems Improve the Prediction of Neurosurgical Intervention in Emergency Department Patients Diagnosed with Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage?Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Andexanet alfa Reduces Hematoma Expansion Following Controlled Cortical Impact in Mice Pretreated with Rivaroxaban.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Correlation of Contusion Morphology and Volume With Functional Recovery and in Hospital Mortality in Traumatic Brain Injury.Korean journal of neurotrauma · 2026Article
- Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: lesion frequency distribution maps and prognostic importance of brain contusions on early MRI.European radiology · 2026Article
- Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy in Rat Models: Assessing Hemostatic Changes in Mild and Severe Traumatic Brain Injuries.Neurology international · 2026Article
- Serum antithrombin III level predicts acute kidney injury in patients with traumatic brain injury.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Article
- Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in traumatic brain injury: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Protease-activated receptor 4 deficiency increases mortality, intracranial bleeding, and blood-brain barrier impairment following traumatic brain injury in mice.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2025Article
- Hemostatic disturbances in traumatic brain injury: from mechanism to management.Acta neurochirurgica · 2025Review
- Low serum calcium promotes traumatic intracerebral hematoma expansion by the response of immune cell: A multicenter retrospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Diffuse optical tomography system for acute traumatic brain injury in the intensive care unit: a prospective study on healthy volunteers.Journal of biomedical optics · 2025Article
- Coagulopathy, injury severity and bleeding progression but not prior antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapies drive prognosis in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Near-Infrared Imaging of Glymphatic Clearance in a Pre-Clinical Model of Repetitive Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury.Neurotrauma reports · 2025Article
- Pathophysiology of penetrating captive-bolt stunning of horses.Animal welfare (South Mimms, England) · 2025Article
76 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The magnitude of damage to cerebral tissues following head trauma is determined by the primary injury, caused by the kinetic energy delivered at the time of impact, plus numerous secondary injury responses that almost inevitably worsen the primary injury. When head trauma results in a cerebral contusion, the hemorrhagic lesion often progresses during the first several hours after impact, either expanding or developing new, non-contiguous hemorrhagic lesions, a phenomenon termed hemorrhagic progression of a contusion (HPC). Because a hemorrhagic contusion marks tissues with essentially total unrecoverable loss of function, and because blood is one of the most toxic substances to which the brain can be exposed, HPC is one of the most severe types of secondary injury encountered following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Historically, HPC has been attributed to continued bleeding of microvessels fractured at the time of primary injury. This concept has given rise to the notion that continued bleeding might be due to overt or latent coagulopathy, prompting attempts to normalize coagulation with agents such as recombinant factor VIIa. Recently, a novel mechanism was postulated to account for HPC that involves delayed, progressive microvascular failure initiated by the impact. Here we review the topic of HPC, we examine data relevant to the concept of a coagulopathy, and we detail emerging data elucidating the mechanism of progressive microvascular failure that predisposes to HPC after head trauma.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.