ArticleInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2012
Invasive bacterial infections following influenza: a time-series analysis in Montréal, Canada, 1996-2008.
Article in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of seasonal viral acute respiratory infection with pneumococcal disease: a systematic review of population-based studies.BMJ open · 2018Pooled it
- Potential Impact of Co-Infections and Co-Morbidities Prevalent in Africa on Influenza Severity and Frequency: A Systematic Review.PloS one · 2015Pooled it
- From respiratory diseases to nervous system disorders: Unraveling the certified causes of influenza-associated deaths in Poland from 2000 to 2019.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2023Article
- Group AJournal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Associations between common respiratory viruses and invasive group A streptococcal infection: A time-series analysis.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2019Article
- Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 Update on Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis, and Institutional Outbreak Management of Seasonal Influenzaa.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
- Temporal cross-correlation between influenza-like illnesses and invasive pneumococcal disease in The Netherlands.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2017Article
- The Association between Invasive Group A Streptococcal Diseases and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections.Frontiers in microbiology · 2016Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundShared seasonal patterns, such as between influenza and some respiratory bacterial infections, can create associations between phenomena not causally related.
objectivesTo estimate the association of influenza with subsequent bacterial infections after full adjustment for confounding by seasonal and long-term trends.
methodsTime series of weekly counts of notified cases of invasive infections with Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes, in Montréal, Canada, 1996-2008, were modelled by negative binomial regression, with terms representing seasonal and long-term trends and terms for numbers of positive laboratory tests for influenza A and B.
resultsThe associations of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and N. meningitidis with influenza disappeared after seasonal terms were added to the model. However, the influenza B count remained associated with the S. pyogenes counts for the same week and the following week: S. pyogenes incidence rate ratios were 1.0376 (95% CI: 1.0009-1.0757) and 1.0354 (0.9958-1.0766), respectively, for each increase of 1 in the influenza count.
conclusionsInfluenza B accounts for about 8 percnt; of the incidence of invasive S. pyogenes infections, over and above any effect associated with modellable seasonal and long-term trends. This association of influenza B with S. pyogenes infections can be attributed largely to the years 1997, 2001, 2007 and 2008, when late peaks in influenza B counts were followed by peaks in S. pyogenes notifications. This finding reinforces the case for universal immunization against influenza, as partial protection against the 'flesh eating disease'.
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