ArticlePsychopharmacology2012
Differences in delay discounting between smokers and nonsmokers remain when both rewards are delayed.
Article in Psychopharmacology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Experimental reductions of delay discounting and impulsive choice: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of experimental psychology. General · 2018Pooled it
- Time-discounting and tobacco smoking: a systematic review and network analysis.International journal of epidemiology · 2017Pooled it
- Differentiating e-cigarette use and dual use: the role of impulsivity.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Selective impairment and a positive recognition bias of the facial emotion recognition after propofol anesthesia during gastrointestinal endoscopy.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of impulsive choice: Experiments to explore and models to map the empirical terrain.Learning & behavior · 2023Review
- Moderate Stability among Delay, Probability, and Effort Discounting in Humans.The Psychological record · 2023Article
- Future Thinking Priming Especially Effective at Modifying Delay Discounting Rates among Cigarette Smokers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- A time-based intervention to treat impulsivity in male and female rats.Behavioural brain research · 2020Article
- Effort-Related Decision-Making in ADHD.Journal of psychiatry and brain science · 2020Article
- Neural correlates of reward magnitude and delay during a probabilistic delay discounting task in alcohol use disorder.Psychopharmacology · 2020Article
- Article
- Cigarette smoking duration mediates the association between future thinking and norepinephrine level.Addictive behaviors · 2018Article
- Naps Do Not Change Delay Discounting Behavior in Young Adults.Frontiers in psychology · 2018Article
- Quantifying impatience using models of delay discounting in substance use disorders.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2017Article
- Exploring Relationships Among Experience of Regret, Delay Discounting, and Worries About Future Effects of Smoking Among Current Smokers.Substance use & misuse · 2016Article
- Delay Discounting and Preference Reversals by Cigarette Smokers.The Psychological record · 2016Article
- Comparing hyperbolic, delay-amount sensitivity and present-bias models of delay discounting.Behavioural processes · 2015Article
- Choice impulsivity: Definitions, measurement issues, and clinical implications.Personality disorders · 2015Review
- Behavioral modeling of human choices reveals dissociable effects of physical effort and temporal delay on reward devaluation.PLoS computational biology · 2015Article
- Opportunity costs of reward delays and the discounting of hypothetical money and cigarettes.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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2 authors.
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Abstract
rationaleWhen offered a choice between a small monetary reward available immediately (SmallNow) versus a larger reward available after a delay (LargeLater), smokers select the SmallNow alternative more than nonsmokers. That is, smokers discount the value of the LargeLater reward more than nonsmokers.
objectivesTo investigate whether this group difference was due to smokers overweighting the value of rewards available immediately compared with nonsmokers, we examined whether the group difference was also seen when both alternatives were delayed, i.e., when choosing between a SmallSoon reward and a LargeLater reward.
methodsIn Experiment 1, smokers and nonsmokers completed a task including SmallNow versus LargeLater choices and SmallSoon versus LargeLater choices. In Experiment 2, smokers and nonsmokers completed the same task but with hypothetical choices.
resultsAnalyses using hyperbolic and double exponential (β-δ) models replicate prior findings that smokers discount the LargeLater reward more than nonsmokers when the smaller reward is available immediately. The smoker-nonsmoker difference was also seen when the smaller reward was slightly delayed, though this effect was primarily driven by heightened discounting in male smokers. However, for potentially real rewards only, this smoker-nonsmoker difference was significantly reduced when the smaller reward was delayed.
conclusionsThe smoker-nonsmoker difference in discounting is not confined to situations involving immediate rewards. Differences associated with potentially real versus hypothetical rewards and gender underscore the complexity of the smoking-delay discounting relationship.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.