ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2011
Dimethyl fumarate, an immune modulator and inducer of the antioxidant response, suppresses HIV replication and macrophage-mediated neurotoxicity: a novel candidate for HIV neuroprotection.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Central Nervous System Reservoirs and HIV Cure: Therapeutic Opportunities and Challenges.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Dimethyl fumarate as a promising therapeutic candidate for virus-associated myelopathy.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Structural and Functional Insights into Viral and Fungal Proteins Involved in Chronic Inflammation and Their Biologic Treatments.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Differential Effects of Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonists on HIV Replication and Inflammatory Activation in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Microglia.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Article
- Oxidative Stress in HIV-Associated Neurodegeneration: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Ten Years ofNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Analysis of GCRV Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Measures Through Proteomic and Metabolomic Investigations in GCRV-Infected Tissues of Grass Carp (International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Review
- Dimethyl fumarate covalently modifies Cys673 of NLRP3 to exert anti-inflammatory effects.iScience · 2024Article
- Quantitative Proteomics Reveal That CB2R Agonist JWH-133 Downregulates NF-κB Activation, Oxidative Stress, and Lysosomal Exocytosis from HIV-Infected Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Behavioral and histological assessment of a novel treatment of neuroHIV in humanized mice.Research square · 2023Article
- Mechanisms underlying HIV-associated cognitive impairment and emerging therapies for its management.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
- Metabolic response to CNS infection with flaviviruses.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Review
- Genomic Factors and Therapeutic Approaches in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Dendritic Cells Contributes to Protective Immunity against Herpes Simplex Virus Skin Infection.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Human iPSC-derived neurons reveal NMDAR-independent dysfunction following HIV-associated insults.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2023Article
- Cellular metabolism hijacked by viruses for immunoevasion: potential antiviral targets.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Sulforaphane Reduces SAMHD1 Phosphorylation To Protect Macrophages from HIV-1 Infection.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- A Rationale and Approach to the Development of Specific Treatments for HIV Associated Neurocognitive Impairment.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- Developments in Neuroprotection for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND).Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2022Review
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infection promotes cognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration through persistent inflammation and neurotoxin release from infected and/or activated macrophages/microglia. Furthermore, inflammation and immune activation within both the CNS and periphery correlate with disease progression and morbidity in ART-treated individuals. Accordingly, drugs targeting these pathological processes in the CNS and systemic compartments are needed for effective, adjunctive therapy. Using our in vitro model of HIV-mediated neurotoxicity, in which HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages release excitatory neurotoxins, we show that HIV infection dysregulates the macrophage antioxidant response and reduces levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Furthermore, restoration of HO-1 expression in HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages reduces neurotoxin release without altering HIV replication. Given these novel observations, we have identified dimethyl fumarate (DMF), used to treat psoriasis and showing promising results in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis, as a potential neuroprotectant and HIV disease-modifying agent. DMF, an immune modulator and inducer of the antioxidant response, suppresses HIV replication and neurotoxin release. Two distinct mechanisms are proposed: inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation and signaling, which could contribute to the suppression of HIV replication, and induction of HO-1, which is associated with decreased neurotoxin release. Finally, we found that DMF attenuates CCL2-induced monocyte chemotaxis, suggesting that DMF could decrease recruitment of activated monocytes to the CNS in response to inflammatory mediators. We propose that dysregulation of the antioxidant response during HIV infection drives macrophage-mediated neurotoxicity and that DMF could serve as an adjunctive neuroprotectant and HIV disease modifier in ART-treated individuals.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.