ReviewEuropean journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology2012
The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome related to HIV co-infections: a review.
Review in European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Use of anti-retroviral therapy in tuberculosis patients on second-line anti-TB regimens: a systematic review.PloS one · 2012Pooled it
- Whipple's disease with multiple serous effusions as the clinical manifestation: a case report and literature review.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2026Review
- Unmasking Mycobacterium avium: two case reports of cutaneous lesions in HIV patients after initiation of an integrase inhibitor-based regimen.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Current knowledge of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in Whipple disease: a review.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Neuropathogenesis of HIV-1: insights from across the spectrum of acute through long-term treated infection.Seminars in immunopathology · 2022Review
- Co-infection with coronavirus disease 2019, previously undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus,IDCases · 2021Article
- Article
- Rhodoccocus Equi Pneumonia and Paradoxical Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Patient with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).The American journal of case reports · 2017Article
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome and Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia Case Report: Highlights and Missing Links in Classification Criteria and Standardized Treatment.Case reports in infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Leprosy Reactions in Patients Coinfected with HIV: Clinical Aspects and Outcomes in Two Comparative Cohorts in the Amazon Region, Brazil.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2015Article
- Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected patients.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2015Review
- Visceral leishmaniasis relapse in HIV patients--a role for myeloid-derived suppressor cells?PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2014Article
- Urological aspects of HIV and AIDS.Nature reviews. Urology · 2013Review
- Commentary.Journal of neurosciences in rural practice · 2012Article
- Post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis in two different clinical contexts.Anais brasileiros de dermatologiaArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a consequence of an excessive pathogen-specific immune recovery reaction and occurs in a subset of patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Infective forms of IRIS may present either as an 'unmasking' of a previously subclinical infection or the paradoxical clinical deterioration of an infection for which the patient received appropriate antimicrobial therapy. The most important risk factors for IRIS are a low CD4+ T-cell count and a short time between treatment of the infection and the commencement of ART. The general approach to the treatment of IRIS is to continue ART and provide antimicrobial therapy for the provoking infection. The majority of cases are self-limiting; however, mortality and hospitalisation rates are particularly high when tuberculosis- or cryptococcal-IRIS affects the central nervous system (CNS). Corticosteroid therapy should be considered in certain forms of IRIS after the exclusion of other conditions that could explain the inflammatory manifestations in the patients. Given that a low CD4+ T-cell count is a major risk factor for the development of IRIS, commencing ART at a CD4+ T-cell count of >350/μL will prevent most cases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
21964588What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.