ArticleFrontiers in integrative neuroscience2011
Male or Female? Brains are Intersex.
Article in Frontiers in integrative neuroscience, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Interactions of sex and stress in modulation of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic activity.Current opinion in behavioral sciences · 2025Article
- Exploring the Impact of Sex and Gender in Brain Function: Implications and Considerations.Advances in therapy · 2024Article
- Do Sex and Gender Have Separate Identities?Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Review
- Sex, gender diversity, and brain structure in early adolescence.Human brain mapping · 2024Article
- Beyond the binary: Characterizing the relationships between sex and neuropeptide receptor binding density measures in the rat brain.Hormones and behavior · 2024Article
- After the trans brain: a critique of the neurobiological accounts of embodied trans* identities.History and philosophy of the life sciences · 2024Article
- Sex is predicted by spatial memory multivariate activation patterns.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2022Article
- What Does the General Public Know (or Not) About Neuroscience? Effects of Age, Region and Profession in Brazil.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Article
- How inversion variants can shape neural circuitry: Insights from the three-morph mating tactics of ruffs.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- The Sexual Dimorphic Synapse: From Spine Density to Molecular Composition.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Review
- TRPC2: A Pheromonal Funnel Into Same-Sex Sexual Behavior.Archives of sexual behavior · 2021Article
- The gender-binary cycle: the perpetual relations between a biological-essentialist view of gender, gender ideology, and gender-labelling and sorting.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021Article
- Editorial: Challenges of Interdisciplinary Research in the Field of Critical (Sex/Gender) Neuroscience.Frontiers in sociology · 2021Article
- Reflections on Neurofeminism and Intersectionality Using Insights From Psychology.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2021Review
- Brain Sex Differences Related to Gender Identity Development: Genes or Hormones?International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Male Ejaculatory Endophenotypes: Revealing Internal Inconsistencies of the Concept in Heterosexual Copulating Rats.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2020Article
- BDNF-Dependent Effects on Amygdala-Cortical Circuitry and Depression Risk in Children and Youth.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2018Article
- Analysis of Human Brain Structure Reveals that the Brain "Types" Typical of Males Are Also Typical of Females, and Vice Versa.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2018Article
- Developmental neurogenetics and multimodal neuroimaging of sex differences in autism.Brain imaging and behavior · 2017Review
- Gender differences in the structural connectome of the teenage brain revealed by generalized q-sampling MRI.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
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Abstract
The underlying assumption in popular and scientific publications on sex differences in the brain is that human brains can take one of two forms "male" or "female," and that the differences between these two forms underlie differences between men and women in personality, cognition, emotion, and behavior. Documented sex differences in brain structure are typically taken to support this dimorphic view of the brain. However, neuroanatomical data reveal that sex interacts with other factors in utero and throughout life to determine the structure of the brain, and that because these interactions are complex, the result is a multi-morphic, rather than a dimorphic, brain. More specifically, here I argue that human brains are composed of an ever-changing heterogeneous mosaic of "male" and "female" brain characteristics (rather than being all "male" or all "female") that cannot be aligned on a continuum between a "male brain" and a "female brain." I further suggest that sex differences in the direction of change in the brain mosaic following specific environmental events lead to sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.