ArticleJournal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association2012
Evaluation of human milk fortification from the time of the first feeding: effects on infants of less than 31 weeks gestational age.
Article in Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Feeding Interventions for Infants with Growth Failure in the First Six Months of Life: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Early versus late fortification of breast milk in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- Does Early Fortification of Human Milk Decrease Time to Regain Birth Weight as Compared to Late Fortification Among Preterm Infants? - A Randomized Controlled Trial.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2025Trial
- Sooner or later: does early human milk fortification improve outcomes?Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2018Trial
- How does bovine milk-based fortification alter the oxidant-antioxidant profile of breast milk in preterm infants?Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2025Article
- A prospective cohort study on lactation status and breastfeeding challenges in mothers giving birth to preterm infants.International breastfeeding journal · 2022Article
- Human Milk Fortification in Very Preterm Infants in China: A Multicenter Survey.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Early Enteral Feeding in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review of the Nutritional, Metabolic, and Developmental Benefits.Nutrients · 2021Review
- A national survey of the enteral feeding practices in Canadian neonatal intensive care units.Paediatrics & child health · 2020Article
- Sustaining improved nutritional support for very low birthweight infants.BMJ open quality · 2020Article
- Early fortification of enteral feedings for infants <1250 grams birth weight receiving a human milk diet including human milk based fortifier.Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine · 2020Article
- Guidelines for feeding very low birth weight infants.Nutrients · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo determine whether human milk fortification from the time of the first feeding significantly improves weight gain and bone mineral status in infants of <31 weeks estimated gestational age as compared with delayed or standard human milk fortification. STUDY
designThis was a retrospective pre-post design. In all, 95 infants born at <31 weeks estimated gestational age were compared. There were 53 infants in the early fortification group (EFG) and 42 infants in the delayed fortification group (DFG). They were compared with regard to weight gain at 34 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), and their serum levels of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels were compared as an indicator of bone mineral status. The practice change of fortifying all human milk given to preterm infants at <34 weeks PMA commenced in June 2009. The usual practice of fortification took place once an infant had reached a feeding volume of 50 to 100 ml kg(-1) per day. The new practice fortified all human milk with a powdered human milk fortifier to 24 calories per ounce, starting with the first feeding, no matter how small the volume.
resultThere were no differences in weight gain between the EFG and the DFG. The group that received fortification from the time of the first feeding were significantly less likely to have alkaline phosphatase levels >500 U l(-1) from 33 weeks PMA onward. There was no incidence of feeding intolerance with early fortification.
conclusionFortification of human milk from the time of the first feeding does not affect weight gain at 34 weeks PMA, but is related to a lower incidence of elevated alkaline phosphate levels and does not cause feeding intolerance.
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Registered trials
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