ReviewMicrobial biotechnology2012
Cyclic di-nucleotides: new era for small molecules as adjuvants.
Review in Microbial biotechnology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Increased vaccine efficacy against tuberculosis with a recombinant BCG overexpressing the STING agonist cyclic di-AMP.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The Many Ways to Deal with STING.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Subunit Vaccine ESAT-6:c-di-AMP Delivered by Intranasal Route Elicits Immune Responses and Protects AgainstFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- A decade of research on the second messenger c-di-AMP.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2020Review
- Enzymatic Syntheses and Applications of Fluorescent Cyclic Dinucleotides.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2020Article
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Overexpressing an Endogenous Stimulator of Interferon Genes Agonist Provides Enhanced Protection Against Pulmonary Tuberculosis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020Article
- NOD2/RIG-I ActivatingFrontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Characterization of a Novel Compound That Stimulates STING-Mediated Innate Immune Activity in an Allele-Specific Manner.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- 2'-Fluoro-c-di-GMP as an oral vaccine adjuvant.RSC advances · 2019Article
- The BtaF Adhesin Is Necessary for Full Virulence During Respiratory Infection byFrontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Regulation of gingival epithelial cytokine response by bacterial cyclic dinucleotides.Journal of oral microbiology · 2019Article
- Systems Immunology Characterization of Novel Vaccine Formulations forFrontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Assessment of Th1/Th2 Bias of STING Agonists Coated on Microneedles for Possible Use in Skin Allergen Immunotherapy.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2018Article
- Type I IFN and not TNF, is Essential for Cyclic Di-nucleotide-elicited CTL by a Cytosolic Cross-presentation Pathway.EBioMedicine · 2017Article
- Engineered trivalent immunogen adjuvanted with a STING agonist confers protection againstNPJ vaccines · 2017Article
- Nanoparticulate STING agonists are potent lymph node-targeted vaccine adjuvants.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2015Article
- RNA-Based Fluorescent Biosensors for Live Cell Imaging of Second Messenger Cyclic di-AMP.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2015Article
- Article
- Cyclic GMP-AMP displays mucosal adjuvant activity in mice.PloS one · 2014Article
- The mucosal adjuvant cyclic di-AMP exerts immune stimulatory effects on dendritic cells and macrophages.PloS one · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The implementation of vaccination as an empiric strategy to protect against infectious diseases was introduced even before the advent of hygiene and antimicrobials in the medical practice. Nevertheless, it was not until a few decades ago that we really started understanding the underlying mechanisms of protection triggered by vaccination. Vaccines were initially based on attenuated or inactivated organisms. Subunit vaccines were then introduced as more refined formulations, exhibiting improved safety profiles. However, purified antigens tend to be poorly immunogenic and often require the use of adjuvants to achieve adequate stimulation of the immune system. Vaccination strategies, such as mucosal administration, also require potent adjuvants to improve performance. In the 1990s, immunologists found that pathogens could be sensed as 'danger signals' by receptors recognizing conserved motifs. Although our knowledge is still limited, tremendous advances were made in the understanding of host defence mechanisms regulated by these evolutionary conserved receptors, and the molecular structures which are recognized by them. This opened a new era in adjuvant development. Some of the latest players arrived to this field are the cyclic di-nucleotides, which are ubiquitous prokaryotic intracellular signalling molecules. This review is focused on their potential for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.