ArticlePloS one2011
South American Plasmodium falciparum after the malaria eradication era: clonal population expansion and survival of the fittest hybrids.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spatio-temporal dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum transmission within a spatial unit on the Colombian Pacific Coast.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Controlled human malaria infection of Tanzanians by intradermal injection of aseptic, purified, cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2014Trial
- Parasite population dynamics shaped P. falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletion expansion in the Peruvian Amazon.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Malaria control and the unexpected spread of diagnostic-resistantbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A previously low prevalence Plasmodium falciparum clone expands in an outbreak in the Pacific Coast of South America.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Tracking Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial resistance markers during a malaria pre-elimination period in the Pacific coast of South America.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Detecting imported malaria infections in endemic settings using molecular surveillance: current state and challenges.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2025Review
- Temporal changes in Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection across three areas of varying malaria transmission intensities in Uganda.Tropical medicine and health · 2024Article
- Genomic surveillance of malaria parasites in an indigenous community in the Peruvian Amazon.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Molecular Surveillance of Artemisinin-ResistantInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Microsatellites reveal high polymorphism and high potential for use in anti-malarial efficacy studies in areas with different transmission intensities in mainland Tanzania.Malaria journal · 2024Article
- Genomic surveillance of malaria parasites in an indigenous community in the Peruvian Amazon.Research square · 2024Article
- Molecular epidemiology of continuedFrontiers in tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Spatiotemporal dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 deletions in Peru.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Fitness Costs of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 Deletions Underlying Diagnostic Evasion in Malaria Parasites.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Molecular surveillance for anti-malarial drug resistance and genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum after chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine withdrawal in Quibdo, Colombia, 2018.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Drug resistance and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in the Peruvian Amazon.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Evaluation of the effectiveness of the OptiMAL-IT™ rapid test in the follow up of patients diagnosed with malaria in the Peruvian AmazonBiomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud · 2022Article
- Geographical distribution and genetic characterization of pfhrp2 negative Plasmodium falciparum parasites in the Peruvian Amazon.PloS one · 2022Article
- Population genomics and evidence of clonal replacement of Plasmodium falciparum in the Peruvian Amazon.Scientific reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Malaria has reemerged in many regions where once it was nearly eliminated. Yet the source of these parasites, the process of repopulation, their population structure, and dynamics are ill defined. Peru was one of malaria eradication's successes, where Plasmodium falciparum was nearly eliminated for two decades. It reemerged in the 1990s. In the new era of malaria elimination, Peruvian P. falciparum is a model of malaria reinvasion. We investigated its population structure and drug resistance profiles. We hypothesized that only populations adapted to local ecological niches could expand and repopulate and originated as vestigial populations or recent introductions. We investigated the genetic structure (using microsatellites) and drug resistant genotypes of 220 parasites collected from patients immediately after peak epidemic expansion (1999-2000) from seven sites across the country. The majority of parasites could be grouped into five clonal lineages by networks and AMOVA. The distribution of clonal lineages and their drug sensitivity profiles suggested geographic structure. In 2001, artesunate combination therapy was introduced in Peru. We tested 62 parasites collected in 2006-2007 for changes in genetic structure. Clonal lineages had recombined under selection for the fittest parasites. Our findings illustrate that local adaptations in the post-eradication era have contributed to clonal lineage expansion. Within the shifting confluence of drug policy and malaria incidence, populations continue to evolve through genetic outcrossing influenced by antimalarial selection pressure. Understanding the population substructure of P. falciparum has implications for vaccine, drug, and epidemiologic studies, including monitoring malaria during and after the elimination phase.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.