ArticleToxicology and applied pharmacology2011
Why is particulate matter produced by wildfires toxic to lung macrophages?
Article in Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Wildfire-Sourced PM2.5 and Emergency Department Visits for Migraine and Other Primary Headache.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Simulated wildfire smoke particulate matter elicits STING-dependent astrocyte-mediated inflammatory signaling and neurotoxicity.Neurotoxicology · 2026Article
- Most respiratory symptoms have resolved 9 years after PMEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Particulate exposure during spermatogenesis is associated with adverse bull reproductive fitness in a wildfire impacted area.Journal of animal science · 2026Article
- Human Sputum Microbiome Composition and Sputum Inflammatory Cell Profiles Are Altered with Controlled Wood Smoke Exposure as a Model for Wildfire Smoke.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2025Article
- Respiratory symptoms after coalmine fire and pandemic: A longitudinal analysis of the Hazelwood Health Study adult cohort.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Wildfire Seasons, Prenatal PMACS ES&T air · 2024Article
- Clearing the Air: Understanding the Impact of Wildfire Smoke on Asthma and COPD.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- "Air That Once Was Breath" Part 1: Wildfire-Smoke-Induced Mechanisms of Airway Inflammation - "Climate Change, Allergy and Immunology" Special IAAI Article Collection: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2023.International archives of allergy and immunology · 2024Review
- A model for rapid PMGeoscientific model development · 2024Article
- Chemical and Cellular Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species from Secondary Organic Aerosols in Epithelial Lining Fluid.Research report (Health Effects Institute) · 2023Article
- Effects of wildfire smoke PM2.5 on indicators of inflammation, health, and metabolism of preweaned Holstein heifers.Journal of animal science · 2023Article
- Superoxide Release by Macrophages through NADPH Oxidase Activation Dominating Chemistry by Isoprene Secondary Organic Aerosols and Quinones to Cause Oxidative Damage on Membranes.Environmental science & technology · 2022Article
- The mental health and well-being effects of wildfire smoke: a scoping review.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Reduction in forced vital capacity in asthmatic children on days with bushfire smoke exposure in the Australian 2019/2020 bushfire.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2022Article
- Health impacts of wildfire-related air pollution in Brazil: a nationwide study of more than 2 million hospital admissions between 2008 and 2018.Nature communications · 2021Article
- In Vitro Effects of Particulate Matter Associated with a Wildland Fire in the North-West of Italy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Journal Club: Respiratory Impact of Wildfire Smoke.Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Miami, Fla.) · 2021Article
- Wildfire smoke impacts respiratory health more than fine particles from other sources: observational evidence from Southern California.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Particulate matter and emergency visits for asthma: a time-series study of their association in the presence and absence of wildfire smoke in Reno, Nevada, 2013-2018.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The mechanistic basis of the high toxicity to lung macrophages of coarse PM from the California wildfires of 2008 was examined in cell culture experiments with mouse macrophages. Wildfire PM directly killed macrophages very rapidly in cell culture at relatively low doses. The wildfire coarse PM is about four times more toxic to macrophages on an equal weight basis than the same sized PM collected from normal ambient air (no wildfires) from the same region and season. There was a good correlation between the extent of cytotoxicity and the amount of oxidative stress observed at a given dose of wildfire PM in vitro. Our data implicate NF-κB signaling in the response of macrophages to wildfire PM, and suggest that most, if not all, of the cytotoxicity of wildfire PM to lung macrophages is the result of oxidative stress. The relative ratio of toxicity and of expression of biomarkers of oxidant stress between wildfire PM and "normal" PM collected from ambient air is consistent with our previous results in mice in vivo, also suggesting that most, if not all, of the cytotoxicity of wildfire PM to lung macrophages is the result of oxidative stress. Our findings from this and earlier studies suggest that the active components of coarse PM from the wildfire are heat-labile organic compounds. While we cannot rule out a minor role for endotoxin in coarse PM preparations from the collected wildfire PM in our observed results both in vitro and in vivo, based on experiments using the inhibitor Polymyxin B most of the oxidant stress and pro-inflammatory activity observed was not due to endotoxin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.