Trial reportJournal of the American College of Cardiology2011
Education, income, and incident heart failure in post-menopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Therapy Trials.
Trial report in Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Socio-economic inequalities and heart failure morbidity and mortality: A systematic review and data synthesis.ESC heart failure · 2025Pooled it
- Socioeconomic inequalities in hospitalizations for chronic ambulatory care sensitive conditions: a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature, 1990-2018.International journal for equity in health · 2020Pooled it
- Differential patterns of lifestyle behaviors among low- and high-income postmenopausal women in Korea: a latent class analysis.BMC women's health · 2023Article
- Identifying knowledge gaps in heart failure research among women using unsupervised machine-learning methods.Future cardiology · 2021Article
- Sex-Specific Outcomes in Cardiovascular Device Evaluations.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2020Review
- Individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic status increase risk of avoidable hospitalizations among Canadian adults: A retrospective cohort study of linked population health data.International journal of population data science · 2020Article
- Socioeconomic status and the incidence of atrial fibrillation in whites and blacks: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2014Article
- Prevalence and incident prehypertension and hypertension in postmenopausal Hispanic women: results from the Women's Health Initiative.American journal of hypertension · 2014Article
- Different patterns of bundle-branch blocks and the risk of incident heart failure in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study.Circulation. Heart failure · 2013Article
- Disparities in heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases among women.Women's health (London, England) · 2012Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThe purpose of this study is to estimate the effect of education and income on incident heart failure (HF) hospitalization among post-menopausal women.
backgroundInvestigations of socioeconomic status have focused on outcomes after HF diagnosis, not associations with incident HF. We used data from the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Trials to examine the association between socioeconomic status levels and incident HF hospitalization.
methodsWe included 26,160 healthy, post-menopausal women. Education and income were self-reported. Analysis of variance, chi-square tests, and proportional hazards models were used for statistical analysis, with adjustment for demographics, comorbid conditions, behavioral factors, and hormone and dietary modification assignments.
resultsWomen with household incomes <$20,000 a year had higher HF hospitalization incidence (57.3/10,000 person-years) than women with household incomes >$50,000 a year (16.7/10,000 person-years; p < 0.01). Women with less than a high school education had higher HF hospitalization incidence (51.2/10,000 person-years) than college graduates and above (25.5/10,000 person-years; p < 0.01). In multivariable analyses, women with the lowest income levels had 56% higher risk (hazard ratio: 1.56, 95% confidence interval: 1.19 to 2.04) than the highest income women; women with the least amount of education had 21% higher risk for incident HF hospitalization (hazard ratio: 1.21, 95% confidence interval: 0.90 to 1.62) than the most educated women.
conclusionsLower income is associated with an increased incidence of HF hospitalization among healthy, post-menopausal women, whereas multivariable adjustment attenuated the association of education with incident HF.
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Registered trials
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