ArticleThe Journal of comparative neurology2012
Pre-Bötzinger complex receives glutamatergic innervation from galaninergic and other retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons.
Article in The Journal of comparative neurology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers.
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Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular changes in hypoxia-induced central neural circuits and nuclei.Medical gas research · 2026Review
- Plasticity induced loss of apnea alarm through repeated apneas: A proposed mechanism for respiratory sudden death.Epilepsy & behavior : E&B · 2025Review
- Functional modulation of retrotrapezoid neurons drives fentanyl-induced respiratory depression.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2025Article
- A cholinergic spinal pathway for the adaptive control of breathing.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Characterisation of putative retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) chemoreceptor neurons in the adult human brainstem.Brain structure & function · 2025Article
- Neuroanatomical and neurochemical organization of brainstem and forebrain circuits involved in breathing regulation.Journal of neurophysiology · 2025Review
- A cholinergic spinal pathway for the adaptive control of breathing.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Genetic identification of medullary neurons underlying congenital hypoventilation.Science advances · 2024Article
- Galaninergic and hypercapnia-activated neuronal projections to the ventral respiratory column.Brain structure & function · 2024Article
- Failure to breathe persists without air hunger or alarm following amygdala seizures.JCI insight · 2023Article
- Review
- The Molecular Circadian Clock of Phox2b-expressing Cells Drives Daily Variation of the Hypoxic but Not Hypercapnic Ventilatory Response in Mice.Function (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Criteria for central respiratory chemoreceptors: experimental evidence supporting current candidate cell groups.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Review
- Galanin family peptides: Molecular structure, expression and roles in the neuroendocrine axis and in the spinal cord.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Central respiratory chemoreception.Handbook of clinical neurology · 2022Review
- Review: Neuropathology findings in autonomic brain regions in SUDEP and future research directions.Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical · 2021Review
- Unraveling the Mechanisms Underlying Irregularities in Inspiratory Rhythm Generation in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2021Article
- Chemoreceptor mechanisms regulating COThe Journal of physiology · 2021Review
- Neonatal apneic phenotype in a murine congenital central hypoventilation syndrome model is induced through non-cell autonomous developmental mechanisms.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Axonal Projection Patterns of the Dorsal Interneuron Populations in the Embryonic Hindbrain.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2021Review
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains CO(2) -responsive neurons that regulate breathing frequency and amplitude. These neurons (RTN-Phox2b neurons) contain the transcription factor Phox2b, vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) mRNA, and a subset contains preprogalanin mRNA. We wished to determine whether the terminals of RTN-Phox2b neurons contain galanin and VGLUT2 proteins, to identify the specific projections of the galaninergic subset, to test whether RTN-Phox2b neurons contact neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex, and to identify the ultrastructure of these synapses. The axonal projections of RTN-Phox2b neurons were traced by using biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), and many BDA-ir boutons were found to contain galanin immunoreactivity. RTN galaninergic neurons had ipsilateral projections that were identical with those of this nucleus at large: the ventral respiratory column, the caudolateral nucleus of the solitary tract, and the pontine Kölliker-Fuse, intertrigeminal region, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. For ultrastructural studies, RTN-Phox2b neurons (galaninergic and others) were transfected with a lentiviral vector that expresses mCherry almost exclusively in Phox2b-ir neurons. After spinal cord injections of a catecholamine neuron-selective toxin, there was a depletion of C1 neurons in the RTN area; thus it was determined that the mCherry-positive terminals located in the pre-Bötzinger complex originated almost exclusively from the RTN-Phox2b (non-C1) neurons. These terminals were generally VGLUT2-immunoreactive and formed numerous close appositions with neurokinin-1 receptor-ir pre-Bötzinger complex neurons. Their boutons (n = 48) formed asymmetric synapses filled with small clear vesicles. In summary, RTN-Phox2b neurons, including the galaninergic subset, selectively innervate the respiratory pattern generator plus a portion of the dorsolateral pons. RTN-Phox2b neurons establish classic excitatory glutamatergic synapses with pre-Bötzinger complex neurons presumed to generate the respiratory rhythm.
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