Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21933444›Full record

ArticleBMC biotechnology2011

Isolation of a highly thermal stable lama single domain antibody specific for Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B.

Russell R Graef, George P Anderson, Katherine A Doyle, Dan Zabetakis, Felicia N Sutton, Jinny L Liu, Joseline Serrano-González, Ellen R Goldman, Lynn A Cooper

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMC biotechnology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
20citing papers in PubMed
4.2field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

20 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Nanobodies in animal infectious disease control: diagnosis and therapy.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025
    Review
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  18. Review
  19. Structure of a low-melting-temperature anti-cholera toxin: llama V(H)H domain.Acta crystallographica. Section F, Structural biology and crystallization communications · 2013
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Russell R GraefMITRE Corporation, McLean, Virginia 22102, USA.
George P Anderson
Katherine A Doyle
Dan Zabetakis
Felicia N Sutton
Jinny L Liu
Joseline Serrano-González
Ellen R Goldman
Lynn A Cooper
Mitre (United States) · USNaval Research Laboratory Center for Bio/Molecular Science and EngineeringUniversity of Puerto Rico at Arecibo · PR

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCamelids and sharks possess a unique subclass of antibodies comprised of only heavy chains. The antigen binding fragments of these unique antibodies can be cloned and expressed as single domain antibodies (sdAbs). The ability of these small antigen-binding molecules to refold after heating to achieve their original structure, as well as their diminutive size, makes them attractive candidates for diagnostic assays.

resultsHere we describe the isolation of an sdAb against Staphyloccocus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB). The clone, A3, was found to have high affinity (Kd = 75 pM) and good specificity for SEB, showing no cross reactivity to related molecules such as Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), Staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED), and Shiga toxin. Most remarkably, this anti-SEB sdAb had an extremely high Tm of 85°C and an ability to refold after heating to 95°C. The sharp Tm determined by circular dichroism, was found to contrast with the gradual decrease observed in intrinsic fluorescence. We demonstrated the utility of this sdAb as a capture and detector molecule in Luminex based assays providing limits of detection (LODs) of at least 64 pg/mL.

conclusionThe anti-SEB sdAb A3 was found to have a high affinity and an extraordinarily high Tm and could still refold to recover activity after heat denaturation. This combination of heat resilience and strong, specific binding make this sdAb a good candidate for use in antibody-based toxin detection technologies.

Indexed as

ImmunoassayAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsAntibodies, MonoclonalAntibody SpecificityCamelids, New WorldCircular DichroismEnterotoxinsFluorescenceHot TemperatureImmunoglobulin Heavy ChainsLimit of DetectionMolecular Sequence DataPeptide LibraryProtein RefoldingProtein Structure, TertiaryAntibodies, Monoclonalenterotoxin B, staphylococcalEnterotoxinsImmunoglobulin Heavy ChainsPeptide LibraryStaphylococcal Toxoid

Identifiers

PMID21933444
PMCPMC3193169
OpenAlexW2087334624

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.