Evidence map›Paper›PMID 21930868›Full record

ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2011

Blue dye and red light, a dynamic combination for prophylaxis and treatment of cutaneous Candida albicans infections in mice.

Tianhong Dai, Vida J Bil de Arce, George P Tegos, Michael R Hamblin

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
45citing papers in PubMed
4.6field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

45 citing papers in PubMed, 112 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Innovative antifungal strategies to combat drug-resistantFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025
    Review
  4. Photodynamic inactivation ofFrontiers in immunology · 2025
    Article
  5. Review
  6. New methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation of multidrug-resistant Fonsecaea nubica infected chromoblastomycosis in vitro.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2023
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Tianhong DaiWellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
Vida J Bil de Arce
George P Tegos
Michael R Hamblin
Harvard University · USMassachusetts General Hospital · US

Funding

Yeast Biology ConsortiumU54MH084690 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO HEALTH SCIS CTR · PI TEGOS, GEORGE P · 2008 to 2013
$14.4M
Photodynamic Therapy of Localized InfectionsR01AI050875 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI HAMBLIN, MICHAEL R · 2003 to 2017
$4.8M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI050875NIMH NIH HHS 5U54MH084690-02NIMH NIH HHS U54 MH084690
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate photodynamic therapy (PDT), using blue dye and red light, for prophylaxis and treatment of cutaneous Candida albicans infections in mice. A mouse model of skin abrasion infected with C. albicans was developed by inoculating wounds measuring 1.2 cm by 1.2 cm with 10(6) or 10(7) CFU. The use of a luciferase-expressing strain of C. albicans allowed real-time monitoring of the extent of infection in mice noninvasively through bioluminescence imaging. The phenothiazinium salts toluidine blue O (TBO), methylene blue (MB), and new methylene blue (NMB) were compared as photosensitizers (PS) for the photodynamic inactivation of C. albicans in vitro. PDT in vivo was initiated either at 30 min or at 24 h after fungal inoculation to investigate the efficacies of PDT for both prophylaxis and treatment of infections. Light at 635 ± 15 nm or 660 ± 15 nm was delivered with a light dose of 78 J/cm(2) (for PDT at 30 min postinfection) or 120 J/cm(2) (for PDT at 24 h postinfection) in multiple exposures with bioluminescence imaging taking place after each exposure of light. In vitro studies showed that NMB was superior to TBO and MB as the PS in the photodynamic inactivation of C. albicans. The efficacy of PDT was related to the ratio of PS concentration to fungal cell density. PDT in vivo initiated either at 30 min or at 24 h postinfection significantly reduced C. albicans burden in the infected mouse skin abrasion wounds. These data suggest that PDT is a viable approach for prophylaxis and treatment of cutaneous C. albicans infections.

Indexed as

LightPhotochemotherapyAnimalsCandida albicansCandidiasis, CutaneousColoring AgentsDisease Models, AnimalFemaleHumansMethylene BlueMicePhotosensitizing AgentsTolonium ChlorideTreatment OutcomeColoring AgentsMethylene Bluenew methylene bluePhotosensitizing AgentsTolonium Chloride

Identifiers

PMID21930868
PMCPMC3232820
OpenAlexW2160708546

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.