ReviewMicrobes and infection2012
New insights into the biological effects of anthrax toxins: linking cellular to organismal responses.
Review in Microbes and infection, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anthrax ET activates Rac1 and RTK signaling to induce F-actin reorganization and endothelial permeability.iScience · 2025Article
- Anthrax: A narrative review.New microbes and new infections · 2024Review
- Bacterial toxins and heart function: heat-labileBiophysical reviews · 2023Article
- BrnQ-Type Branched-Chain Amino Acid Transporters Influence Bacillus anthracis Growth and Virulence.mBio · 2022Article
- Metabolic profiling reveals nutrient preferences during carbon utilization in Bacillus species.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Delineation of the Residues of Bacillus anthracis Zinc Uptake Regulator Protein Directly Involved in Its Interaction with Cognate DNA.Biological trace element research · 2021Article
- A Comprehensive Overview on the Production of Vaccines in Plant-Based Expression Systems and the Scope of Plant Biotechnology to Combat against SARS-CoV-2 Virus Pandemics.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- A putative exosporium lipoprotein GBAA0190 of Bacillus anthracis as a potential anthrax vaccine candidate.BMC immunology · 2021Article
- Dangerous Pathogens as a Potential Problem for Public Health.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2020Review
- Impact of Bacterial Toxins in the Lungs.Toxins · 2020Review
- Rapid Discovery and Characterization of Synthetic Neutralizing Antibodies against Anthrax Edema Toxin.Biochemistry · 2019Article
- Article
- Identification, Functional Characterization, and Regulon Prediction of the Zinc Uptake Regulator (Frontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
- Anthrax edema toxin disrupts distinct steps in Rab11-dependent junctional transport.PLoS pathogens · 2017Article
- Immune-modulating Activity of Hydrogel Microparticles Contributes to the Host Defense in a Murine Model of Cutaneous Anthrax.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2017Article
- Efficacy Projection of Obiltoxaximab for Treatment of Inhalational Anthrax across a Range of Disease Severity.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2016Article
- In vivo dynamics of active edema and lethal factors during anthrax.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- The Ins and Outs of Anthrax Toxin.Toxins · 2016Review
- Chemokine-Releasing Microparticles Improve Bacterial Clearance and Survival of Anthrax Spore-Challenged Mice.PloS one · 2016Article
- Global metabolomic analysis of a mammalian host infected with Bacillus anthracis.Infection and immunity · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The anthrax toxins lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET) are essential virulence factors produced by Bacillus anthracis. These toxins act during two distinct phases of anthrax infection. During the first, prodromal phase, which is often asymptomatic, anthrax toxins act on cells of the immune system to help the pathogen establish infection. Then, during the rapidly progressing (or fulminant) stage of the disease bacteria disseminate via a hematological route to various target tissues and organs, which are typically highly vascularized. As bacteria proliferate in the bloodstream, LT and ET begin to accumulate rapidly reaching a critical threshold level that will cause death even when the bacterial proliferation is curtailed by antibiotics. During this final phase of infection the toxins cause an increase in vascular permeability and a decrease in function of target organs including the heart, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland, and brain. In this review, we examine the various biological effects of anthrax toxins, focusing on the fulminant stage of the disease and on mechanisms by which the two toxins may collaborate to cause cardiovascular collapse. We discuss normal mechanisms involved in maintaining vascular integrity and based on recent studies indicating that LT and ET cooperatively inhibit membrane trafficking to cell-cell junctions we explore several potential mechanisms by which the toxins may achieve their lethal effects. We also summarize the effects of other potential virulence factors secreted by B. anthracis and consider the role of toxic factors in the evolutionarily recent emergence of this devastating disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.