ReviewNature reviews. Microbiology2011
Regulation of growth and death in Escherichia coli by toxin-antitoxin systems.
Review in Nature reviews. Microbiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 209 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
209 citing papers in PubMed, 384 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of toxin-antitoxin systems inJournal of bacteriology · 2026Review
- Genomic profiling ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Molecular identification of toxin-antitoxin system genes and their relationship with biofilm formation among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli obtained from hospitalized and outpatients in educational hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2026Article
- Suppression of bacterial cell death underlies the antagonistic interaction between ciprofloxacin and tetracycline.Molecular systems biology · 2026Article
- The Prevalence and Diversity of Marine Toxin-Antitoxin Systems.Marine drugs · 2025Article
- Gentamicin induction of the gonococcalmBio · 2025Article
- Toxin-antitoxins and sigma factors may optimize the fitness of free-living bacteria throughout the life cycle via an integrated nutrient-responsive cybernetic system.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Review
- The Environment-Dependent Regulatory Landscape of thebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
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- Escherichia coli type I toxin TisB exclusively controls proton depolarization following antibiotic induced DNA damage.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A toxin-antitoxin system provides phage defense via DNA damage and repair.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Beyond antibiotics: exploring multifaceted approaches to combat bacterial resistance in the modern era: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Prokaryotic homeostasis - a solution to thrive and survive.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Review
- Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems inInfection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- Nanomotion technology: an innovative method to study cell metabolism inJournal of medical microbiology · 2024Article
- Characterization of MAP c21873-1 as a new counter-selectable marker for unmarked genetic modification of Pichia pastoris.Microbial cell factories · 2024Article
- Substrate specificity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis tRNA terminal nucleotidyltransferase toxin MenT3.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Effect of Divalent Metal Ions on the Ribonuclease Activity of the Toxin Molecule HP0894 fromLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Unraveling the evolutionary dynamics of toxin-antitoxin systems in diverse genetic lineages ofmBio · 2024Article
149 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Escherichia coli K-12 contains at least 36 toxin genes, the expression of which causes growth inhibition and eventual death. These toxins are usually co-expressed with their cognate antitoxins in operons called toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules. Under normal growth conditions, toxins and antitoxins form stable complexes. However, stress-induced proteases preferentially eliminate unstable antitoxins, releasing free toxins to inhibit various cellular functions. TA systems have important roles in the physiology of cells in their natural habitats, including functions in biofilm formation and multidrug resistance. In this Review, we describe these TA systems in light of their functions and roles in the regulation of cell growth and death.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.