ArticleMolecular microbiology2011
Bacillus anthracis virulence regulator AtxA: oligomeric state, function and CO(2) -signalling.
Article in Molecular microbiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Decoding Virulence Mechanisms ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Environmental regulation of toxin production in Bacillus anthracis.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Environmental Regulation of Toxin Production inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Promoter DNA recognition by theFrontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Article
- Overlapping and Distinct Functions of the Paralogous PagR Regulators of Bacillus anthracis.Journal of bacteriology · 2022Article
- BrnQ-Type Branched-Chain Amino Acid Transporters Influence Bacillus anthracis Growth and Virulence.mBio · 2022Article
- The transcription activator AtxA fromSynthetic biology (Oxford, England) · 2022Article
- Article
- PRD-Containing Virulence Regulators (PCVRs) in Pathogenic Bacteria.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- Influence of the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system on toxin gene expression and virulence in Bacillus anthracis.Molecular microbiology · 2020Article
- AtxA-Controlled Small RNAs ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Heme catabolism in the causative agent of anthrax.Molecular microbiology · 2019Article
- TheMicrobiology spectrum · 2019Review
- Upstream sequence-dependent suppression and AtxA-dependent activation of protective antigens inPeerJ · 2019Article
- Certhrax Is an Antivirulence Factor for the Anthrax-Like Organism Bacillus cereus Strain G9241.Infection and immunity · 2018Article
- DNA-binding properties of MafR, a global regulator of Enterococcus faecalis.FEBS letters · 2018Article
- Regulons and protein-protein interactions of PRD-containing Bacillus anthracis virulence regulators reveal overlapping but distinct functions.Molecular microbiology · 2018Article
- Glucose Levels Alter the Mga Virulence Regulon in the Group A Streptococcus.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- A Dual Role for theFrontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
- Bacterial Virulence Factors: Secreted for Survival.Indian journal of microbiology · 2017Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
AtxA, a unique regulatory protein of unknown molecular function, positively controls expression of the major virulence genes of Bacillus anthracis. The 475 amino acid sequence of AtxA reveals DNA binding motifs and regions similar to proteins associated with the phosphoenolpyruvate: carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS). We used strains producing native and functional epitope-tagged AtxA proteins to examine protein-protein interactions in cell lysates and in solutions of purified protein. Co-affinity purification, non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and bis(maleimido)hexane (BMH) cross-linking experiments revealed AtxA homo-multimers. Dimers were the most abundant species. BMH cross-links available cysteines within 13 Å. To localize interaction sites, six AtxA mutants containing distinct Cys→Ser substitutions were tested for multimerization and cross-linking. All mutants multimerized, but one mutation, C402S, prevented cross-linking. Thus, BMH uses C402 to make the inter-molecular bond between AtxA proteins, but C402 is not required for protein-protein interaction. C402 is in a region bearing amino acid similarity to Enzyme IIB proteins of the PTS. The AtxA EIIB motif may function in protein oligomerization. Finally, cultures grown with elevated CO(2) /bicarbonate exhibited increased AtxA dimer/monomer ratios and increased AtxA activity, relative to cultures grown without added CO(2) /bicarbonate, suggesting that this host-associated signal enhances AtxA function by shifting the dimer/monomer equilibrium towards the dimeric state.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.