Trial reportCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2012
Metronomic cyclophosphamide treatment in metastasized breast cancer patients: immunological effects and clinical outcome.
Trial report in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04895761 (Phase Ib Study of Neoadjuvant DPX-Survivac, Aromatase Inhibition, and With/Without Radiotherapy or Cyclophosphamide in HR+HER2- Breast Cancer), which is not on this map. Cited by 122 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase Ib Study of Neoadjuvant DPX-Survivac, Aromatase Inhibition, and With/Without Radiotherapy or Cyclophosphamide in HR+HER2- Breast Cancer
Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 225 citations in OpenAlex.
- Knowledge landscape of Treg research in breast cancer: a bibliometric and visual analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Pooled it
- Metronomic chemotherapy using capecitabine and cyclophosphamide in metastatic breast cancer - efficacy, tolerability and quality of life results from the phase II METRO trial.Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Metronomic cyclophosphamide attenuates mTOR-mediated expansion of regulatory T cells, but does not impact clinical outcome in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer treated with everolimus.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2019Trial
- Low-Dose Cyclophosphamide Induces Antitumor T-Cell Responses, which Associate with Survival in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2017Trial
- A randomized phase II trial of personalized peptide vaccine with low dose cyclophosphamide in biliary tract cancer.Cancer science · 2017Trial
- A randomized phase II clinical trial of personalized peptide vaccination with metronomic low-dose cyclophosphamide in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2016Trial
- The impact of circulating suppressor cells in multiple myeloma patients on clinical outcome of DLIs.Bone marrow transplantation · 2015Trial
- Effects of cyclophosphamide and IL-2 on regulatory CD4+ T cell frequency and function in melanoma patients vaccinated with HLA-class I peptides: impact on the antigen-specific T cell response.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2013Trial
- Combination Immunotherapy as a Promising Strategy to Overcome Immunotherapy Resistance: From Emergence to Next-Generation Approaches.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Article
- Genome Agnostic Reprogramming of Acute Myelocytic Leukemia Hallmarks by Targeting Non-Oncogene Addictions with Azacitidine Plus Pioglitazone and All-Trans Retinoic Acid.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- From immune desert to hot tumor: the tripartite synergy of tumor microenvironment-exosomes-immunogenic cell death in pioneering solutions.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Genome agnostic, multi-level non-oncogene addiction-based systems pharmacology for rescuing metastatic relapsed/refractory neoplasias.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Intratumoral regulatory T cells are associated with treatment response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and prognosis in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma.Oncoimmunology · 2025Article
- A "Function-First" Approach to Identify Regulatory T cell-Targeting Antibodies for Immunotherapy.Cancer immunology research · 2025Article
- Review
- Cancer Immunotherapy in Combination with Radiotherapy and/or Chemotherapy: Mechanisms and Clinical Therapy.MedComm · 2025Review
- M344 Suppresses Histone Deacetylase-Associated Phenotypes and Tumor Growth in Neuroblastoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Role of immunosuppressive JNK pathway in the tumor microenvironment among TNBC subtypes in IBCSG trial 22-00.iScience · 2025Article
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Severe immune suppression is frequent in late-stage tumor patients and promotes tumor immune evasion and subsequent tumor progression. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are major suppressors of anti-tumor immune responses. Therefore, targeting of Treg has become a key goal of anti-tumor therapy. Several preclinical and clinical observations suggest that Treg can be depleted by cyclophosphamide. Over a period of 3 months, we investigated the effect of metronomic low-dose cyclophosphamide on Treg numbers, suppressive capacity and proliferation on endogenous anti-tumor T-cell responses and on their correlation to clinical outcome in 12 patients with treatment-refractory metastasized breast cancer who received single-agent 50 mg cyclophosphamide p.o. daily. Cyclophosphamide treatment initially caused a significant reduction in circulating Treg by more than 40% (P = 0.002). However, Treg numbers completely recovered during the treatment due to increased proliferative activity and maintained their suppressive capacity. Treg depletion coincided with a strong increase in breast tumor-reactive T cells (P = 0.03) that remained at high levels during the whole period. Numbers of tumor-reactive T cells but not of Treg correlated with disease stabilization (P = 0.03) and overall survival (P = 0.027). We conclude that metronomic low-dose cyclophosphamide only transiently reduces Treg but induces stable tumor-specific T-cell responses, which correlate with improved clinical outcome in advanced-stage breast cancer patients.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.