ArticleBritish journal of cancer2011
Oral contraceptive use and reproductive factors and risk of ovarian cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
Article in British journal of cancer, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 215 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessing the impact of contraceptive use on reproductive cancer risk among women of reproductive age-a systematic review.Frontiers in global women's health · 2024Pooled it
- Population attributable risks of modifiable reproductive factors for breast and ovarian cancers in Korea.BMC cancer · 2016Pooled it
- Breastfeeding and maternal health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2015Pooled it
- Breastfeeding and ovarian cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2013Pooled it
- Age at menarche and risk of ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.International journal of cancer · 2013Pooled it
- Breastfeeding and subsequent risk of 24 types of maternal cancer: a cohort study of Chinese women.Nutrition journal · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptomics of chicken ovarian cancer identifying immune subsets with prognostic implications.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of Alzheimer's disease in elderly women: a cohort study in Eastern China.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Reproductive Shifts and Ovarian Cancer Risk in Women Aged 40 Years or Older.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Single-Cell Transcriptomic Atlas of Chicken Ovarian Aging and Cancer Drives Prognostic Model Development.Cancers · 2026Article
- Body mass index and sleep duration may regulate the effect of heavy metals on age at menopause.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Altered Apoptosis in Endometriosis Compared with Ovarian Carcinoma.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Associations between Parity, History of Breastfeeding, and T-cell Profile of Ovarian Tumors.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Estrogens and breast cancer.Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology · 2025Review
- Deciphering the Interplay: Thieno[2,3-International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Trends and projections of ovarian cancer incidence in Hong Kong: A population-based study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2023Article
- Ovarian and Endometrial Endometrioid Carcinoma Following the Use of a Biologic IL-17 Inhibitor.Cureus · 2023Article
- Repeated Rounds of Gonadotropin Stimulation Induce Imbalance in the Antioxidant Machinery and Activation of Pro-Survival Proteins in Mouse Oviducts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Nanotechnology-Based Nucleic Acid Vaccines for Treatment of Ovarian Cancer.Pharmaceutical research · 2023Review
- Review of mendelian randomization studies on age at natural menopause.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
47 authors at 20 institutions in 11 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIt is well established that parity and use of oral contraceptives reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, but the associations with other reproductive variables are less clear.
methodsWe examined the associations of oral contraceptive use and reproductive factors with ovarian cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Among 327,396 eligible women, 878 developed ovarian cancer over an average of 9 years. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models stratified by centre and age, and adjusted for smoking status, body mass index, unilateral ovariectomy, simple hysterectomy, menopausal hormone therapy, and mutually adjusted for age at menarche, age at menopause, number of full-term pregnancies and duration of oral contraceptive use.
resultsWomen who used oral contraceptives for 10 or more years had a significant 45% (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.41-0.75) lower risk compared with users of 1 year or less (P-trend, <0.01). Compared with nulliparous women, parous women had a 29% (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.59-0.87) lower risk, with an 8% reduction in risk for each additional pregnancy. A high age at menopause was associated with a higher risk of ovarian cancer (>52 vs ≤ 45 years: HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.06-1.99; P-trend, 0.02). Age at menarche, age at first full-term pregnancy, incomplete pregnancies and breastfeeding were not associated with risk.
conclusionThis study shows a strong protective association of oral contraceptives and parity with ovarian cancer risk, a higher risk with a late age at menopause, and no association with other reproductive factors.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.