ArticleBlood2011
Sex differences in resident immune cell phenotype underlie more efficient acute inflammatory responses in female mice.
Article in Blood, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 192 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
192 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 315 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacological and Genetic Targeting of Inflammatory Chemokine Receptors CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 in Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Pooled it
- Sex-dimorphic gene regulation in murine macrophages across niches.Immunology and cell biology · 2025Pooled it
- Immunopathological Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Critical and Non-critical Pneumonia Patients: A Systematic Review to Determine the Cause of Co-infection.Frontiers in public health · 2020Pooled it
- Carrageenan-induced immunothrombotic models in rodents (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Review
- The regulation of COX-2, ABCA1, and ABCG1 by the lncRNA PACERR links the inflammatory response and cholesterol homeostasis.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Dietary allergen promotes sex-specific leukocyte trafficking and alters the brain immune cell populations in subclinically sensitized mice.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Biomaterial-Driven Modulation of Macrophage Polarization in an Experimental Environment of Implant-Associated Infection Mediated byJournal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Modulation of alveolar macrophages by sex as a biological variable.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2026Article
- Sex-specific impact of early life stress on adult lung inflammatory response after LPS and Poly I:C exposures.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- EnhancedInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Sex shapes CD64 expression and vaccine-induced monocytic responses.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Optimization of Preclinical Rodent Research Models of Human Shock: Part One Intra-Abdominal Sepsis.Shock (Augusta, Ga.) · 2026Review
- Sex differences in immune responses to viruses, bacteria and vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- The X Factor in Immunity: Sex Differences Shaped by the X Chromosome.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- How Does Biological Sex Impact Mucosal Bacterial Infection? Mucosal Defenses and Bacterial Detection.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- The gut-heart axis in coronary artery disease: a scoping and narrative review of sex-based microbial and metabolic disparities.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Beyond XX and XY, Understanding Sex Differences in Leukemia.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Sex differences in the physiological response to acute anterior cruciate ligament overuse.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Sex in Immune Cells and Parasitic Diseases - A Complex Relationship.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Host biological sex directs immune control of theFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
132 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Females are protected against mortality arising from severe sepsis; however, the precise mechanisms that confer this survival advantage in females over males are unclear. Resident leukocytes in resting tissues have a significant influence on circulating cytokine levels and recruitment of blood leukocytes during acute inflammatory responses. Whether the phenotype of resident leukocytes is distinct in females is unknown. In the present study, we show that the numbers of leukocytes occupying the naive peritoneal and pleural cavities is higher in female than in male mice and rats, comprising more T and B lymphocytes and macrophages. The altered immune cell composition of the female peritoneum is controlled by elevated tissue chemokine expression. Female resident macrophages also exhibit greater TLR expression and enhanced phagocytosis and NADPH oxidase-mediated bacterial killing. However, macrophage-derived cytokine production is diminished by proportionally more resident immunomodulatory CD4+ T lymphocytes. Ovarian hormones regulate macrophage phenotype, function, and numbers, but have no significant impact on T-lymphocyte populations in females. We have identified a fundamental sex difference in phenotype of resident leukocytes. We propose that the distinct resident leukocyte population in females allows aggressive recognition and elimination of diverse infectious stimuli without recruitment of circulating neutrophils or excessive cytokine production.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.