ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2011
Incarceration predicts virologic failure for HIV-infected injection drug users receiving antiretroviral therapy.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Improving Post-Release Care Engagement for People Living with HIV Involved in the Criminal Justice System: A Systematic Review.AIDS and behavior · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analyses on initiation, adherence and outcomes of antiretroviral therapy in incarcerated people.PloS one · 2020Pooled it
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Among Imprisoned Key Populations.Epidemiologic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Age-Specific Global Prevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV, and Tuberculosis Among Incarcerated People: A Systematic Review.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2018Pooled it
- The HIV Care Cascade Before, During, and After Incarceration: A Systematic Review and Data Synthesis.American journal of public health · 2015Pooled it
- Incarceration history, antiretroviral therapy, and stigma: A cross-sectional study of people with HIV who inject drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Trial
- Methamphetamine use drives decreases in viral suppression for people living with HIV released from a large municipal jail: Results of the LINK LA clinical trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Incarceration history and HIV testing among people who inject drugs in the Boston metro area: a pooled cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Association Between Criminal Legal System Involvement and HIV Prevention and Care Among Transgender Women of Color: The TURNNT Cohort Study.LGBT health · 2026Article
- Tuberculosis treatment outcomes after transfer or release from incarceration: a retrospective cohort study from Brazil.BMC global and public health · 2025Article
- Health System-Level Implementation of Digital Health Support for People Living With HIV and Substance Use Disorders: Protocol for a Cluster-Randomized, Stepped-Wedge Clinical Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Tuberculosis treatment outcomes after transfer or release from incarceration: A retrospective cohort study from Brazil.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Mobile Health Tool to Capture Social Determinants of Health and Their Impact on HIV Treatment Outcomes Among People Who Use Drugs: Pilot Feasibility Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with HIV viral rebound in individuals on ART: A systematic review study.Journal of public health in Africa · 2025Review
- Considerations when prescribing opioid agonist therapies for people living with HIV.Expert review of clinical pharmacology · 2024Review
- Multimorbidity classes indicate differential patterns of health care engagement among people who inject drugs.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2022Article
- HIV and Incarceration: Implications for HIV-Positive People Who Use Illicit Drugs During a Seek, Test, Treat, and Retain Initiative in Canada.Journal of correctional health care : the official journal of the National Commission on Correctional Health Care · 2022Article
- Evaluating HIV Viral Rebound Among Persons on Suppressive Antiretroviral Treatment in the Era of "Undetectable Equals Untransmittable (U = U)".Open forum infectious diseases · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIncarceration may lead to interruptions in antiretroviral therapy (ART) for persons receiving treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We assessed whether incarceration and subsequent release were associated with virologic failure for injection drug users (IDUs) who were previously successfully treated with ART.
methodsALIVE is a prospective, community-based cohort study of IDUs in Baltimore, Maryland. IDUs receiving ART during 1998-2009 who successfully achieved an HIV RNA level below the limit of detection (<400 copies/mL) were followed up for development of virologic failure at the subsequent semiannual study visit. Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used to assess whether incarceration was independently associated with virologic failure.
resultsOf 437 HIV-infected IDUs who achieved undetectable HIV RNA for at least one study visit, 69% were male, 95% were African-American, and 40% reported at least one incarceration during follow-up. Virologic failure occurred at 26.3% of visits after a median of 6 months since achieving undetectable HIV RNA. In multivariate analysis accounting for demographic characteristics, drug use, and HIV disease stage, brief incarceration was strongly associated with virologic failure (adjusted odds ratio, 7.7; 95% confidence interval, 3.0-19.7), although incarceration lasting >30 days was not (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, .8-2.6).
conclusionsAmong IDUs achieving viral suppression while receiving ART, virologic failure occurred with high frequency and was strongly associated with brief incarceration. Efforts should be made to ensure continuity of care both during and after incarceration to improve treatment outcomes and prevent viral resistance in this vulnerable population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.