ArticlePloS one2011
Inhibition of SARS pseudovirus cell entry by lactoferrin binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04526821 (Bovine Lactoferrin for the Prevention of COVID-19 Infection in Physicians and Nurses in Hospitals in Lima, Peru), which is not on this map. Cited by 269 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Bovine Lactoferrin for the Prevention of COVID-19 Infection in Physicians and Nurses in Hospitals in Lima, Peru: a Double Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial (LF-COVID)
Who cites it
269 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 452 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Lactoferrin Supplementation on Inflammation, Immune Function, and Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Pooled it
- The effects of orally administered lactoferrin in the prevention and management of viral infections: A systematic review.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through breast milk and breastfeeding: a living systematic review.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Effect of Lactoferrin on Clinical Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: The LAC Randomized Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Nanoscopy reveals heparan sulfate clusters as docking sites for SARS-CoV-2 attachment and entry.eLife · 2026Article
- Drug Repurposing as a Broad-Spectrum Strategy Against Coronaviruses: Frontiers in Mechanisms and Clinical Translation.Viruses · 2026Review
- Discovery and Development of Voxvoganan: First-in-Class Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptidomimetic.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- XBB 1.5 monovalent booster vaccination stimulates oral mucosal and systemic immune responses in healthy adults.Vaccine · 2026Article
- Prophage: agent provocateur?Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Bovine Lactoferrin Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Attachment Through Blockade of Glycoprotein C-Heparan Sulfate Interaction.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Precision-Engineered Dermatan Sulfate-Mimetic Glycopolymers for Multi-Targeted SARS-CoV-2 Inhibition.Marine drugs · 2025Article
- Review
- Nanoscopy Reveals Heparan Sulfate Clusters as Docking Sites for SARS-CoV-2 Attachment and Entry.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- A pan-respiratory virus attachment inhibitor with high potency in human airway models and in vivo.Science advances · 2025Article
- Inhibition of Human Coronavirus 229E by Lactoferrin-Derived Peptidomimetics.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Ocular microvascular changes in COVID-19: role of hypoxia, D-dimer, IL-6 and systemic treatment.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2025Article
- Physiology and pathophysiology of mucus and mucolytic use in critically ill patients.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Review
- Lactoferrin exhibits PEDV antiviral activity by interfering with spike-heparan sulfate proteoglycans binding and activating mucosal immune response.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Pathogenic and Protective Roles of Neutrophils inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Pathogens that infect mammalian cells via sulfonated glycosaminoglycans.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
209 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
It has been reported that lactoferrin (LF) participates in the host immune response against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) invasion by enhancing NK cell activity and stimulating neutrophil aggregation and adhesion. We further investigated the role of LF in the entry of SARS pseudovirus into HEK293E/ACE2-Myc cells. Our results reveal that LF inhibits SARS pseudovirus infection in a dose-dependent manner. Further analysis suggested that LF was able to block the binding of spike protein to host cells at 4°C, indicating that LF exerted its inhibitory function at the viral attachment stage. However, LF did not disrupt the interaction of spike protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the functional receptor of SARS-CoV. Previous studies have shown that LF colocalizes with the widely distributed cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Our experiments have also confirmed this conclusion. Treatment of the cells with heparinase or exogenous heparin prevented binding of spike protein to host cells and inhibited SARS pseudovirus infection, demonstrating that HSPGs provide the binding sites for SARS-CoV invasion at the early attachment phase. Taken together, our results suggest that, in addition to ACE2, HSPGs are essential cell-surface molecules involved in SARS-CoV cell entry. LF may play a protective role in host defense against SARS-CoV infection through binding to HSPGs and blocking the preliminary interaction between SARS-CoV and host cells. Our findings may provide further understanding of SARS-CoV pathogenesis and aid in treatment of this deadly disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.