ArticlePloS one2011
HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) in antiretroviral therapy-naïve patients in Tanzania not eligible for WHO threshold HIVDR survey is dramatically high.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brief Report: Impact of Early Antiretroviral Therapy on the Performance of HIV Rapid Tests and HIV Incidence Assays.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2017Trial
- Trial
- HIV-1 Disease Progression and Drug Resistance Mutations among Children on First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Ethiopia.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Primary resistance against integrase strand transfer inhibitors in integrase strand transfer inhibitor-naive patients failing first- and second-line ART in Tanzania.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Prevalence and patterns of HIV drug resistance in patients with suspected virological failure in North-Western Tanzania.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Article
- Schistosomiasis and HIV-1 viral load in HIV-infected outpatients with immunological failure in Tanzania: a case-control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Magnitude and correlates of virological failure among adult HIV patients receiving PI based second line ART regimens in north western Tanzania; a case control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Surveillance of transmitted HIV-1 antiretroviral drug resistance in the context of decentralized HIV care in Senegal and the Ebola outbreak in Guinea.BMC research notes · 2018Article
- HIV-genetic diversity and drug resistance transmission clusters in Gondar, Northern Ethiopia, 2003-2013.PloS one · 2018Article
- Prevalence of HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance among treatment naïve pregnant women in Bissau, Guinea Bissau.PloS one · 2018Article
- HIV-1 Viral Loads Are Not Elevated in Individuals Co-infected WithFrontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Article
- HIV virological failure and drug resistance in a cohort of Tanzanian HIV-infected adults.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2016Article
- Sharp increase in rates of HIV transmitted drug resistance at antenatal clinics in Botswana demonstrates the need for routine surveillance.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2016Article
- Genital Shedding of Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Among Women Diagnosed With Treatment Failure by Clinical and Immunologic Monitoring.Open forum infectious diseases · 2016Article
- Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 sequence diversity on antiretroviral therapy outcomes.Viruses · 2014Review
- Obituary: Axel Rethwilm (1959-2014).Retrovirology · 2014Article
- HIV-1 drug mutations in children from northern Tanzania.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2014Article
- Clade homogeneity and Pol gene polymorphisms in chronically HIV-1 infected antiretroviral treatment naive patients after the roll out of ART in Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended guidelines for a HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) survey for resource-limited countries. Eligibility criteria for patients include age below 25 years in order to focus on the prevalence of transmitted HIVDR (tHIVDR) in newly-infected individuals. Most of the participating sites across Africa have so far reported tHIVDR prevalences of below 5%. In this study we investigated whether the rate of HIVDR in patients <25 years is representative for HIVDR in the rest of the therapy-naïve population. METHODS AND
findingsHIVDR was determined in 88 sequentially enrolled ART-naïve patients from Mwanza, Tanzania (mean age 35.4 years). Twenty patients were aged <25 years and 68 patients were aged 25-63 years. The frequency of HIVDR in the study population was 14.8% (95%; CI 0.072-0.223) and independent of NVP-resistance induced by prevention of mother-to-child transmission programs. Patients >25 years had a significantly higher HIVDR frequency than younger patients (19.1%; 95% CI 0.095-0.28) versus 0%, P = 0.0344). In 2 out of the 16 patients with HIVDR we found traces of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in plasma.
conclusionsART-naïve patients aged over 25 years exhibited significantly higher HIVDR than younger patients. Detection of traces of ARVs in individuals with HIVDR suggests that besides transmission, undisclosed misuse of ARVs may constitute a significant factor in the generation of the observed high HIVDR rate. The current WHO tHIVDR survey that is solely focused on the transmission of HIVDR and that excludes patients over 25 years of age may therefore result in substantial underestimation of the prevalence of HIVDR in the therapy-naïve population. Similar studies should be performed also in other areas to test whether the so far reported optimistic picture of low HIVDR prevalence in young individuals is really representative for the rest of the ART-naïve HIV-infected population.
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