ArticleJournal of virology2011
Genetic response to bacteriophage infection in Lactococcus lactis reveals a four-strand approach involving induction of membrane stress proteins, D-alanylation of the cell wall, maintenance of proton motive force, and energy conservation.
Article in Journal of virology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
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41 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Proteomic Analysis of Lactococcus lactis FM03 Under Prolonged Alkaline Stress.Environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Phage Intolerance Impacts Antibiotic Susceptibility and Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Traditional fermented food microbial ecosystems oriented towards industrial standards: multi-dimensional characterization and artificial regulation.NPJ science of food · 2026Review
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- Small regulatory RNAs modulate lactococcal susceptibility to cell wall-targeting antimicrobials.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Virocell resource manipulation under nutrient limitation.mSystems · 2025Article
- Beyond Antibiotics: What the Future Holds.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Bacterial defences: mechanisms, evolution and antimicrobial resistance.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023Review
- Cell wall modifications that alter the exolytic activity of lactococcal phage endolysins have little impact on phage growth.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Bacteriocin-phage interaction (BaPI): Phage predation of Lactococcus in the presence of bacteriocins.MicrobiologyOpen · 2022Article
- Type I CRISPR-Cas provides robust immunity but incomplete attenuation of phage-induced cellular stress.Nucleic acids research · 2022Article
- Water is a preservative of microbes.Microbial biotechnology · 2022Article
- Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analysis ofmSystems · 2021Article
- Activation of metabolic and stress responses during subtoxic expression of the type I toxin hok in Erwinia amylovora.BMC genomics · 2021Article
- Gene-Trait Matching and Prevalence of Nisin Tolerance Systems inFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2021Article
- Maturation of Pseudo-Nucleus Compartment inViruses · 2020Article
- Cell wall homeostasis in lactic acid bacteria: threats and defences.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2020Review
- Integrative omics analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virus PA5oct highlights the molecular complexity of jumbo phages.Environmental microbiology · 2020Article
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4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In this study, whole-genome microarrays were used to gain insights into the global molecular response of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IL1403 at an early stage of infection with the lytic phage c2. The bacterium differentially regulated the expression of 61 genes belonging to 14 functional categories, including cell envelope processes (12 genes), regulatory functions (11 genes), and carbohydrate metabolism (7 genes). The nature of these genes suggests a complex response involving four main mechanisms: (i) induction of membrane stress proteins, (ii) d-alanylation of cell wall lipoteichoic acids (LTAs), (iii) maintenance of the proton motive force (PMF), and (iv) energy conservation. The phage presence is sensed as a membrane stress in L. lactis subsp. lactis IL1403, which activated a cell wall-targeted response probably orchestrated by the concerted action of membrane phage shock protein C-like homologues, the global regulator SpxB, and the two-component system CesSR. The bacterium upregulated genes (ddl and dltABCD) responsible for incorporation of d-alanine esters into LTAs, an event associated with increased resistance to phage attack in Gram-positive bacteria. The expression of genes (yshC, citE, citF) affecting both PMF components was also regulated to restore the physiological PMF, which was disrupted following phage infection. While mobilizing the response to the phage-mediated stress, the bacterium activated an energy-saving program by repressing growth-related functions and switching to anaerobic respiration, probably to sustain the PMF and the overall cell response to phage. To our knowledge, this represents the first detailed description in L. lactis of the molecular mechanisms involved in the host response to the membrane perturbations mediated by phage infection.
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