Trial reportJournal of the National Cancer Institute2011
Menopausal hormone therapy and risks of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers: women's health initiative randomized trials.
Trial report in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exogenous sex hormones, menstrual and reproductive history, and risk of non-melanoma skin cancer among women: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Moving a randomized clinical trial into an observational cohort.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2013Trial
- Photosensitizing Drugs and Risk of Skin Cancer in Women-A Prospective Population-Based Study.Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine · 2025Article
- A Narrative Review of the Role of Estrogen (Receptors) in Melanoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Evaluating the effect of body mass index and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D level on basal cell carcinoma using Mendelian randomization.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Skin cancer risk of menopausal hormone therapy in a Korean cohort.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Reproductive factors, hormone use, and incidence of melanoma in a cohort of US Radiologic Technologists.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2022Article
- Sex disparity in skin carcinogenesis and potential influence of sex hormones.Skin health and disease · 2021Review
- Large-scale systematic analysis of exposure to multiple cancer risk factors and the associations between exposure patterns and cancer incidence.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The relationship between menopausal hormone therapy and keratinocyte carcinoma: A review.International journal of women's dermatology · 2019Article
- Repurposing clinical trial data for skin cancer aetiology.The British journal of dermatology · 2018Article
- Body mass index, height and early-onset basal cell carcinoma in a case-control study.Cancer epidemiology · 2017Article
- Sex hormones and the risk of keratinocyte cancers among women in the United States: A population-based case-control study.International journal of cancer · 2016Article
- Estrogen Receptor β in Melanoma: From Molecular Insights to Potential Clinical Utility.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2016Review
- Melanoma in pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature.Postepy dermatologii i alergologii · 2015Article
- Female Estrogen-Related Factors and Incidence of Basal Cell Carcinoma in a Nationwide US Cohort.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2015Article
- Effects of fertility drugs on cancers other than breast and gynecologic malignancies.Fertility and sterility · 2015Article
- Age at first birth and melanoma risk: a meta-analysis.International journal of clinical and experimental medicine · 2014Article
- Is oestrogen an important player in melanoma progression?Contemporary oncology (Poznan, Poland) · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCase-control studies have reported that exogenous estrogen use is associated with increased risk of skin cancer. The effects of menopausal hormone therapy on incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer and melanoma were evaluated in post hoc analyses of the Women's Health Initiative randomized placebo-controlled hormone therapy trials of combined estrogen plus progestin (E + P) and estrogen only (E-alone).
methodsPostmenopausal women aged 50-79 years were randomly assigned to conjugated equine estrogen (0.625 mg/d) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.5 mg/d) or placebo in the E + P trial if they had an intact uterus (N = 16,608) or to conjugated equine estrogen alone or placebo in the E-alone trial if they had a hysterectomy (N = 10,739); the mean follow-up was 5.6 and 7.1 years, respectively. Incident nonmelanoma skin cancers (n = 980 [E + P trial]; n = 820 [E-alone trial]) and melanomas (n = 57 [E + P trial]; n =38 [E-alone trial]) were ascertained by self-report. Incident cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma were confirmed by physician review of medical records. Incidences of nonmelanoma skin cancer and melanoma were compared between the two randomization groups within each trial using hazard ratios (HRs), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and Wald statistic P values from Cox proportional hazards models. All statistical tests were two-sided.
resultsRates of incident nonmelanoma skin cancer and melanoma were similar between the active hormone (combined analysis of E + P and E-alone) and placebo groups (nonmelanoma skin cancer: HR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.89 to 1.07; melanoma: HR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.61 to 1.37). Results were similar for the E + P and E-alone trials when analyzed individually.
conclusionsMenopausal hormone therapy did not affect overall incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer or melanoma. These findings do not support a role of menopausal estrogen, with or without progestin, in the development of skin cancer in postmenopausal women.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.