Trial reportThe American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry2011
Differences in verbal memory performance in postmenopausal women receiving hormone therapy: 17β-estradiol versus conjugated equine estrogens.
Trial report in The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Estrogen Replacement Improves Verbal Memory and Executive Control in Oligomenorrheic/Amenorrheic Athletes in a Randomized Controlled Trial.The Journal of clinical psychiatry · 2017Trial
- Distinct cognitive effects of estrogen and progesterone in menopausal women.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2015Trial
- Trial
- Association Between Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Alzheimer Disease Neuropathology.Neurology · 2026Article
- Estradiol and Micronized Progesterone: A Narrative Review About Their Use as Hormone Replacement Therapy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- One size does not fit all: how type of menopause and hormone therapy matters for brain health.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2025Review
- Early midlife ovarian removal is associated with lower posterior hippocampal function.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Estradiol-mediated modulation of memory and of the underlying dendritic spine plasticity through the life span.Histology and histopathology · 2024Review
- Visual processing speed and its association with future dementia development in a population-based prospective cohort: EPIC-Norfolk.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Women's Brain Health: Midlife Ovarian Removal Affects Associative Memory.Molecular neurobiology · 2023Article
- Estrogen receptor beta in astrocytes modulates cognitive function in mid-age female mice.Nature communications · 2023Article
- The effect of hormone replacement therapy on cognition and mood.Clinical endocrinology · 2023Review
- Sex Differences in Dementia.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2023Review
- The X factor in neurodegeneration.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2022Article
- 17β-Oestradiol facilitates M2 macrophage skewing and ameliorates arrhythmias in ovariectomized female infarcted rats.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2022Article
- Precision hormone therapy: identification of positive responders.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2021Review
- Menopause, hormone therapy and cognition: maximizing translation from preclinical research.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2021Review
- Late Menarche, Not Reproductive Period, Is Associated with Poor Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Women in Taiwan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Association between menopausal hormone therapy and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: Implications for precision hormone therapy.Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.) · 2021Article
- SeXX Matters in Multiple Sclerosis.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveMuch controversy exists and many questions remain unanswered about the effects of hormone therapy (HT) on cognition in postmenopausal women. There is growing evidence suggesting that HT compounds containing conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) have negative effects on cognition whereas 17β-estradiol (17β-E) either has positive or neutral effects. The present study sought to further examine this issue in a sample of postmenopausal women with risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
designCross-sectional neuropsychological evaluation.
settingAcademic research clinic.
participants68 healthy postmenopausal women (aged 49-68) receiving either 17β-E or CEE for at least one year with increased risk for AD. MEASUREMENTS: Neuropsychological test battery of the cognitive domains of attention/working memory/processing speed, verbal memory, visual memory, and executive functioning.
resultsMultivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) showed significantly better verbal memory performance in women receiving 17β-E compared to women receiving CEE regardless of age, IQ, years of education, risk factors for AD (including APOE-ε4 carriership), duration of endogenous and exogenous estrogen exposure, concurrent progesterone use, or natural versus surgical menopause status.
conclusionsVerbal memory performance was better in postmenopausal women receiving 17β-E compared to CEE in a sample population of women with risk factors for AD. Genetic risk for AD as well as other confounds did not affect this finding. The results suggest a differential effect of HT type on verbal memory, with 17β-E being a preferential compound. Further evaluation of HT types, regimens and duration of use on cognitive performance in postmenopausal women in a controlled longitudinal design is warranted.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.