ArticleDiabetes2011
Genetic analysis of adult-onset autoimmune diabetes.
Article in Diabetes, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 145 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide search for genes affecting the age at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.Journal of internal medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Genome-wide association study identifies novel loci associated with circulating phospho- and sphingolipid concentrations.PLoS genetics · 2012Pooled it
- Differences in Clinical Manifestations and Islet Autoantibodies by Age in Adult-Onset Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Predictive Autoantibodies Before the Diagnosis of Type I Diabetes in Adults.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Proximity extension assay inflammatory profiling cannot distinguish the presence of residual C-peptide in patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes.Acta diabetologica · 2025Article
- Diabetes mellitus polygenic risk scores: heterogeneity and clinical translation.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Type 1 diabetes presenting in adults: Trends, diagnostic challenges and unique features.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
- Comparison of immunological and immunogenetic markers in recent-onset type 1 diabetes among children and adults.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Characteristics of autoantibody-positive individuals without high-risk HLA-DR4-DQ8 or HLA-DR3-DQ2 haplotypes.Diabetologia · 2025Article
- The epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in older adults.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Genetic Discovery and Risk Prediction for Type 1 Diabetes in Individuals Without High-Risk HLA-DR3/DR4 Haplotypes.Diabetes care · 2025Article
- Association between age at diagnosis of diabetes and ocular disease: Insights from a recent article.World journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Pathology of Diabetes-Induced Immune Dysfunction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Systematic immune cell dysregulation and molecular subtypes revealed by single-cell RNA-seq of subjects with type 1 diabetes.Genome medicine · 2024Article
- The challenges of identifying and studying type 1 diabetes in adults.Diabetologia · 2023Review
- Pancreatic β-cell mitophagy as an adaptive response to metabolic stress and the underlying mechanism that involves lysosomal CaExperimental & molecular medicine · 2023Review
- Heterogeneity and endotypes in type 1 diabetes mellitus.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2023Review
- HLA-DR3 mediated CD4 T cell response against GAD65 in type 1 diabetes patients.Journal of diabetes · 2023Article
- Review
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveIn contrast with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes, the genetics of autoimmune diabetes in adults are not well understood. We have therefore investigated the genetics of diabetes diagnosed in adults positive for autoantibodies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsGAD autoantibodies (GADAs), insulinoma-associated antigen-2 antibodies (IA-2As), and islet cell autoantibodies were measured at time of diagnosis. Autoantibody-positive diabetic subjects (n = 1,384) and population-based control subjects (n = 2,235) were genotyped at 20 childhood-onset type 1 diabetes loci and FCRL3, GAD2, TCF7L2, and FTO.
resultsPTPN22 (1p13.2), STAT4 (2q32.2), CTLA4 (2q33.2), HLA (6p21), IL2RA (10p15.1), INS (11p15.5), ERBB3 (12q13.2), SH2B3 (12q24.12), and CLEC16A (16p13.13) were convincingly associated with autoimmune diabetes in adults (P ≤ 0.002), with consistent directions of effect as reported for pediatric type 1 diabetes. No evidence of an HLA-DRB1*03/HLA-DRB1*04 (DR3/4) genotype effect was obtained (P = 0.55), but it remained highly predisposing (odds ratio 26.22). DR3/4 was associated with a lower age at diagnosis of disease, as was DR4 (P = 4.67 × 10(-6)) but not DR3. DR3 was associated with GADA positivity (P = 6.03 × 10(-6)) but absence of IA-2A (P = 3.22 × 10(-7)). DR4 was associated with IA-2A positivity (P = 5.45 × 10(-6)).
conclusionsOur results are consistent with the hypothesis that the genetics of autoimmune diabetes in adults and children are differentiated by only relatively few age-dependent genetic effects. The slower progression toward autoimmune insulin deficiency in adults is probably due to a lower genetic load overall combined with subtle variation in the HLA class II gene associations and autoreactivity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.