ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2011
Relationships between free-living protozoa, cultivable Legionella spp., and water quality characteristics in three drinking water supplies in the Caribbean.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of Acanthamoeba spp. in biofilm communities: a systematic review.Parasitology research · 2021Pooled it
- Patterns of microbial diversity in three aquatic ecosystems of a Caribbean island.FEMS microbiology ecology · 2026Article
- Microbial risks in drinking water systems: persistence and public health implications of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Diverse Microbial Hot Spring Mat Communities at Black Canyon of the Colorado River.Microbial ecology · 2023Article
- Influence of Temperature on Growth of Four Different Opportunistic Pathogens in Drinking Water Biofilms.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- An investigation of the seasonal relationships between meteorological factors, water quality, and sporadic cases of Legionnaires' disease in Washington, DC.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Article
- Legionella pneumophila Cas2 Promotes the Expression of Small Heat Shock Protein C2 That Is Required for Thermal Tolerance and Optimal Intracellular Infection.Infection and immunity · 2022Article
- Microbial Community Structure and Diversity in Drinking Water Supply, Distribution Systems as well as Household Point of Use Sites in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia.Microbial ecology · 2022Article
- Review
- Legionella and other opportunistic pathogens in full-scale chloraminated municipal drinking water distribution systems.Water research · 2021Article
- Article
- Review
- Vermamoeba vermiformis: a Free-Living Amoeba of Interest.Microbial ecology · 2018Review
- Review
- Ten Questions Concerning the Aerosolization and Transmission of Legionella in the Built Environment.Building and environment · 2017Article
- Effect of temperature and colonization of Legionella pneumophila and Vermamoeba vermiformis on bacterial community composition of copper drinking water biofilms.Microbial biotechnology · 2017Article
- Impact of water heater temperature setting and water use frequency on the building plumbing microbiome.The ISME journal · 2017Article
- Pathogenic waterborne free-living amoebae: An update from selected Southeast Asian countries.PloS one · 2017Article
- From Many Hosts, One Accidental Pathogen: The Diverse Protozoan Hosts ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Review
- Type II Secretion Is Necessary for Optimal Association of the Legionella-Containing Vacuole with Macrophage Rab1B but Enhances Intracellular Replication Mainly by Rab1B-Independent Mechanisms.Infection and immunity · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The study whose results are presented here aimed at identifying free-living protozoa (FLP) and conditions favoring the growth of these organisms and cultivable Legionella spp. in drinking water supplies in a tropical region. Treated and distributed water (±30°C) of the water supplies of three Caribbean islands were sampled and investigated with molecular techniques, based on the 18S rRNA gene. The protozoan host Hartmannella vermiformis and cultivable Legionella pneumophila were observed in all three supplies. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with the highest similarity to the potential or candidate hosts Acanthamoeba spp., Echinamoeba exundans, E. thermarum, and an Neoparamoeba sp. were detected as well. In total, 59 OTUs of FLP were identified. The estimated protozoan richness did not differ significantly between the three supplies. In supply CA-1, the concentration of H. vermiformis correlated with the concentration of Legionella spp. and clones related to Amoebozoa predominated (82%) in the protozoan community. These observations, the low turbidity (<0.2 nephelometric turbidity units [NTU]), and the varying ATP concentrations (1 to 12 ng liter(-1)) suggest that biofilms promoted protozoan growth in this supply. Ciliophora represented 25% of the protozoan OTUs in supply CA-2 with elevated ATP concentrations (maximum, 55 ng liter(-1)) correlating with turbidity (maximum, 62 NTU) caused by corroding iron pipes. Cercozoan types represented 70% of the protozoan clones in supply CA-3 with ATP concentrations of <1 ng liter(-1) and turbidity of <0.5 NTU in most samples of distributed water. The absence of H. vermiformis in most samples from supply CA-3 suggests that growth of this protozoan is limited at ATP concentrations of <1 ng liter(-1).
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