ArticleJournal of virology2011
Fatal outcome of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection is associated with immunopathology and impaired lung repair, not enhanced viral burden, in pregnant mice.
Article in Journal of virology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neonates at Risk: Understanding the Impact of High-Risk Pregnancies on Neonatal Health.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Preexisting vaccine-primed heterosubtypic T cell immunity protects the maternal-fetal unit from adverse influenza outcomes in mice.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Neurogenesis decreases in the offspring of mothers infected with influenza A virus.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Pregnancy enhances antiviral immunity independent of type I IFN but dependent on IL-17-producing γδScience advances · 2024Article
- Pathogenesis of viral infections during pregnancy.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Activation in Macrophages Contributes to Persistent Lung Inflammation following Respiratory Tract Viral Infection.The American journal of pathology · 2024Article
- Article
- Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in pregnant and nonpregnant women following infection.AJOG global reports · 2023Article
- Pregnancy-induced differential expression of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza a viral entry factors in the lower respiratory tract.PloS one · 2023Article
- Biological Sex and Pregnancy Affect Influenza Pathogenesis and Vaccination.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2023Article
- Influenza Virus Infection during Pregnancy as a Trigger of Acute and Chronic Complications.Viruses · 2022Review
- Influenza A virus elicits peri-vascular adipose tissue inflammation and vascular dysfunction of the aorta in pregnant mice.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Role of hormones in the pregnancy and sex-specific outcomes to infections with respiratory viruses.Immunological reviews · 2022Review
- Impact of progesterone on innate immunity and cell death after influenza A virus H1N1 2009 infection of lung and placental cells in vitro.Frontiers in virology (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Maternal natural killer cells at the intersection between reproduction and mucosal immunity.Mucosal immunology · 2021Review
- Review
- Identification of key candidate biomarkers for severe influenza infection by integrated bioinformatical analysis and initial clinical validation.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2021Article
- Role of Inflammation in Virus Pathogenesis during Pregnancy.Journal of virology · 2020Review
- Influenza in High-Risk Hosts-Lessons Learned from Animal Models.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2020Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus (pH1N1) infection in pregnant women can be severe. The mechanisms that affect infection outcome in this population are not well understood. To address this, pregnant and nonpregnant BALB/c mice were inoculated with the wild-type pH1N1 strain A/California/04/09. To determine whether innate immune responses are associated with severe infection, we measured the innate cells trafficking into the lungs of pregnant versus nonpregnant animals. Increased infiltration of pulmonary neutrophils and macrophages strongly correlated with an elevated mortality in pregnant mice. In agreement with this, the product of nitric oxide (nitrite) and several cytokines associated with recruitment and/or function of these cells were increased in the lungs of pregnant animals. Surprisingly, increased mortality in pregnant mice was not associated with higher virus load because equivalent virus titers and immunohistochemical staining were observed in the nasal cavities or lungs of all mice. To determine whether exacerbated inflammatory responses and elevated cellularity resulted in lung injury, epithelial regeneration was measured. The lungs of pregnant mice exhibited reduced epithelial regeneration, suggesting impaired lung repair. Despite these immunologic alterations, pregnant animals demonstrated equivalent percentages of pulmonary influenza virus-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes, although they displayed elevated levels of T-regulator lymphocytes (Tregs) in the lung. Also, pregnant mice mounted equal antibody titers in response to virus or immunization with a monovalent inactivated pH1N1 A/California/07/09 vaccine. Therefore, immunopathology likely caused by elevated cellular recruitment is an implicated mechanism of severe pH1N1 infection in pregnant mice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.